TABLE 2.

Overview of the main analyses included in this review¹

	Within-group			Between-condition
Analysis of…	Mean difference (95% CI)	P	I 2 (95% CI)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P	I 2 (95% CI)
Mean across time
Blood BHB
• Combined	1.73 mM (1.26, 2.21 mM)	< 0.001	99% (99%, 99%)	1.98 mM (1.52, 2.45 mM)	< 0.001	98% (98%, 98%)
• Ketone salt	0.50 mM (0.33, 0.67 mM)	< 0.001	96% (95%, 97%)	0.48 mM (0.15, 0.81 mM)	< 0.01	88% (81%, 93%)
• Ketone monoester	2.57 mM (2.06, 3.08 mM)	< 0.001	98% (98%, 98%)	2.65 mM (2.23, 3.06 mM)	< 0.001	95% (93%, 96%)
Blood glucose
• Combined	–0.54 mM (–0.68, –0.40 mM)	< 0.001	94% (92%, 95%)	–0.47 mM (–0.57, –0.36 mM)	< 0.001	0% (0%, 35%)
• Ketone salt	–0.23 mM (–0.37, –0.09 mM)	< 0.01	83% (73%, 90%)	–0.24 mM (–0.37, –0.10 mM)	< 0.01	0% (0%, 20%)
• Ketone monoester	–0.76 mM (–0.92, –0.61 mM)	< 0.001	93% (91%, 95%)	–0.61 mM (–0.72, –0.51 mM)	< 0.001	0% (0%, 9%)
Largest difference
Blood BHB
• Combined	2.05 mM (1.52, 2.58 mM)	< 0.001	99% (99%, 99%)	2.54 mM (2.01, 3.07 mM)	< 0.001	99% (99%, 99%)
• Ketone salt	0.63 mM (0.46, 0.81 mM)	< 0.001	97% (96%, 98%)	0.73 mM (0.23, 1.23 mM)	< 0.01	99% (99%, 99%)
• Ketone monoester	2.97 mM (2.42, 3.52 mM)	< 0.001	98% (98%, 99%)	3.33 mM (2.92, 3.73 mM)	< 0.001	97% (97%, 98%)
Blood glucose
• Combined	–0.69 mM (–0.86, –0.52 mM)	< 0.001	97% (96%, 97%)	–0.70 mM (–0.83, –0.58 mM)	< 0.001	22% (0%, 50%)
• Ketone salt	–0.35 mM (–0.51, –0.20 mM)	< 0.001	93% (89%, 95%)	–0.41 mM (–0.55, –0.27 mM)	< 0.001	0% (0%, 38%)
• Ketone monoester	–0.93 mM (–1.14, –0.73 mM)	< 0.001	97% (96%, 97%)	–0.85 mM (–0.97, –0.73 mM)	< 0.001	0% (0%, 37%)

¹BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate.