TABLE 3.
Summary of studies assessing the effect of exogenous carnosine, and its constituent amino acids, on hemodynamic parameters1
| Supplementation protocol | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (reference) | Species | Experimental model | Dosages(s) | Duration | Main results |
| Allo et al. (47) | Rat | 45-min coronary artery occlusion + 120-min reperfusion | 3% β-alanine | 4–28 d | β-alanine supplementation did not affect hemodynamic parameters in a diseased model |
| Lee et al. (86) | Rat | 40-min ischemia + 30-min reperfusion | 1 mM carnosine, 1 mM l-histidine, or 10 mM l-histidine | 20 min | The LVDP recovery of 1 mM carnosine-treated ischemic hearts improved more than untreated and 10 mM histidine-treated ischemic hearts; 1 mM carnosine and 10 mM histidine improved dP/dt recovery but did not improve coronary flow or HR; 1 mM histidine improved HR recovery but did not improve dP/dt, coronary flow, or LVDP recovery |
| Ririe et al. (104) | Rat | Healthy | 0.625 – 20 mM carnosine, l-histidine, or β-alanine | 30 min | Carnosine increased vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner. l-histidine and β-alanine had no vasodilatory effect. β-alanine increased vascular smooth muscle tone in a dose-dependent manner |
| Niijima et al. (110) | Rat | Normotensive or hypertensive (2×/wk DOCA + NaCl) | 0.1 mg or 1 mg carnosine | 5 wk | Carnosine had no effect on systolic blood pressure in normotensive rats (116 mmHg vs. 112 mmHg at 0 and 5 wk). Systolic blood pressure increased in the untreated hypertensive rats (114 mmHg vs. 198 mmHg at 0 and 5 wk). Carnosine supplementation decreased the rise in systolic pressure seen with hypertension (0.1 mg carnosine: 115 mmHg vs. 163 mmHg at 0 and 5 wk; 1 mg carnosine: 113 mmHg vs. 148 mmHg at 0 and 5 wk) |
| Zieba et al. (111) | Rabbit | Doxorubicin (2 mg · kg–1 · wk–1 for 7 wk) | 100 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 9 wk | MAP, CI, and SI decreased with doxorubicin but the addition of carnosine with doxorubicin increased the levels to similar values seen in the untreated and treated groups not exposed to doxorubicin. There was no change in HR or TPR in any of the groups. Carnosine had no effect on haemodyanmic parameters in healthy rabbits not exposed to doxorubicin |
| Abebe and Mozaffari (46) | Rat | Endothelial-intact or endothelial-denuded | 3% β-alanine | 3 wk | β-alanine supplementation impaired the relaxation responses of blood vessels to adenosine agonists |
| Dursun et al. (69) | Rat | Adriamycin (single dose of 16 mg/kg on day 14) | 10 mg · kg–1. d–1 carnosine | 2 wk | The MAP and LVDP decrease seen with adriamycin was maintained by the addition of carnosine. Similar results were seen with dP/dt; however, this was not significant |
| Özdoğan et al. (70) | Rat | Adriamycin (4 doses over 8 d) | 10 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 2 wk | The decrease in LVDP and ±dP/dt induced by adriamycin was increased with the addition of carnosine |
| Pansani et al. (51) | Rat | Healthy | 3% β-alanine | 30 d | β-alanine supplementation decreased LVSD, HR, EF, and %FS and increased E/A ratios compared with the untreated group |
| Stefani et al. (112) | Rat | Coronary heart failure induced by myocardial infraction surgery | 250 mg · kg–1 · d–1 β-alanine + 55–75 mg · kg–1 · d–1 l-histidine | 8 wk | No change in hemodynamic parameters with supplementation |
1
CI, cardiac index; dP/dt, first derivative of left ventricular pressure; E/A, relationship between the E and A waves; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; HR, heart rate; LVDP, left ventricular developed pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SI, stroke index; TPR, total peripheral resistance.