TABLE 4.
Summary of studies assessing the effect of exogenous carnosine and β-alanine on myocardial injury markers1
| Supplementation protocol | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (reference) | Species | Experimental model | Dosages(s) | Duration | Main results |
| Alabovsky et al. (113) | Rat | 40-min ischemia + 12-min reperfusion | 2 mM carnosine, 5 mM carnosine, 10 mM carnosine, or 10 mM acetyl-carnosine | 15 s prior to ischemia and during the 40-min ischemic period | Carnosine and acetyl-carnosine supplementation reduced the level of myoglobin released from the heart during ischemia/reperfusion; 10 mM carnosine supplementation decreased the release of myoglobin and nucleosides during ischemia/reperfusion but 2 mM carnosine had no effect |
| Dursun et al. (69) | Rat | Adriamycin (single dose of 16 mg/kg on day 14) | 10 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 2 wk | Carnosine supplementation reduced the increase in plasma CK induced by adriamycin |
| Özdoğan et al. (70) | Rat | Adriamycin (4 doses over 8 d) | 10 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 2 wk | Carnosine supplementation reduced the increase in plasma markers (CK, AST, ALT, and LDH) induced by adriamycin |
| Pansani et al. (51) | Rat | Healthy | 3% β-alanine | 30 d | β-alanine supplementation had no effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 values |
| Evran et al. (101) | Rat | Isoproterenol | 250 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 2 or 12 d | Twelve days of carnosine supplementation did not affect plasma cTnT or CK activities but did decrease plasma LDH and AST activities. Two days of carnosine supplementation did not affect these plasma markers |
| Al-Rasheed et al. (114) | Rat | TiO2 (600 mg/kg or 1 g/kg) | 200 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 3 wk | Carnosine supplementation decreased blood measurements (myoglobin, troponin, CK-mB, and CRP) and cardiac capase 3 when compared with control and TiO2-only groups |
| Kumral et al. (102) | Rat | Doxorubicin (single dose of 30 mg/kg on day 8) | 250 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 12 d | Carnosine supplementation reduced the increase in serum cTn1 induced by doxorubicin |
| Keskin et al. (115) | Rat | 30-min ischemia + 60-min reperfusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta | 250 mg · kg–1 · d–1 carnosine | 10 min prior to the end of ischemia | Carnosine supplementation improved AST and LDH levels in the ischemia/reperfusion model |
1
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-mB, creatine kinase isoenzyme; CRP, C-reactive protein; cTn1, cardiac troponin 1; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; TiO2, titanium dioxide.