Table 4.
Regression models of sex, demographic and clinical features
| Characteristics | MCI-LB | DLB | PD-MCI | PDD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Women vs. men (Ref.) | ||||||||
| Demographicsa | ||||||||
| Age at CI, y | − 1.49 ± 2.40 | – | − 1.05 ± 0.87 | – | − 1.47 ± 1.75 | – | − 2.64 ± 0.97** | – |
| Age at PARK, y | − 28.02 ± 4.07*** | – | − 0.46 ± 1.03 | – | − 1.98 ± 1.92 | – | − 2.60 ± 1.05* | – |
| Interval between CI and PARK, y | 2.72 ± 2.76 | – | 0.54 ± 0.25* | – | 0.49 ± 0.67 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.42 | – |
| Course of disease, y | 0.05 ± 0.78 | – | 0.34 ± 0.20 | – | 0.28 ± 0.55 | – | − 0.53 ± 0.35 | – |
| MRI visual scalesa | ||||||||
| MTA scores | ||||||||
| Left | – | − 0.09 ± 0.18 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.07 | – | 0.19 ± 0.09* | – | − 0.20 ± 0.07** |
| Right | – | − 0.01 ± 0.18 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.08 | – | 0.18 ± 0.09* | – | − 0.16 ± 0.07* |
| Fazekas scales | – | 0.14 ± 0.26 | – | − 0.01 ± 0.07 | – | 0.23 ± 0.11* | – | − 0.08 ± 0.07 |
| Clinical assessmentsa | ||||||||
| C-MMSE | – | − 1.24 ± 0.58* | – | 0.45 ± 0.67 | – | 0.05 ± 0.28 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.74 |
| MoCA | – | − 1.01 ± 0.54 | – | 0.28 ± 0.55 | – | 0.61 ± 0.47 | – | − 0.03 ± 0.67 |
| ADL | – | – | – | – | – | 0.95 ± 1.51 | – | − 0.30 ± 1.53 |
| CDR | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.08 ± 0.08 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.09 |
| NPI | – | 3.63 ± 2.04 | – | 6.04 ± 1.72** | – | – | – | − 1.82 ± 4.46 |
| Delusions | – | 0.45 ± 0.26 | – | 0.87 ± 0.34* | – | – | – | 0.12 ± 0.60 |
| Hallucinations | – | 0.61 ± 0.44 | – | 0.83 ± 0.36* | – | – | – | 0.43 ± 1.01 |
| Agitation | – | 0.33 ± 0.43 | – | 0.17 ± 0.22 | – | – | – | − 0.004 ± 0.13 |
| Depression | – | 0.26 ± 0.35 | – | 1.10 ± 0.31*** | – | – | – | 0.02 ± 0.03 |
| Anxiety | – | 0.28 ± 0.20 | – | 0.80 ± 0.27** | – | – | – | − 1.01 ± 0.66 |
| Euphoria | – | 0.07 ± 0.13 | – | − 0.15 ± 0.10 | – | – | – | − 0.03 ± 0.06 |
| Apathy | – | − 0.29 ± 0.31 | – | 0.49 ± 0.33 | – | – | – | − 0.86 ± 1.30 |
| Disinhibition | – | 0.31 ± 0.23 | – | − 0.02 ± 0.13 | – | – | – | 0.13 ± 0.10 |
| Irritability | – | 0.95 ± 0.46* | – | 0.25 ± 0.24 | – | – | – | − 0.42 ± 0.48 |
|
Aberrant motor behavior |
– | 0.33 ± 0.29 | – | 0.91 ± 0.34** | – | – | – | 0.63 ± 0.60 |
|
Night-time behavior disturbances |
– | 0.002 ± 0.37 | – | 0.59 ± 0.36 | – | – | – | 0.13 ± 1.22 |
|
Appetite and eating abnormalities |
– | 0.33 ± 0.31 | – | 0.27 ± 0.24 | – | – | – | − 0.71 ± 0.50 |
| Core clinical featuresb | ||||||||
| RBD | – | − 0.05 ± 1.11 | – | 0.23 ± 0.24 | – | − 1.85 ± 0.53** | – | − 0.28 ± 0.29 |
| Parkinsonism | – | − 2.10 ± 0.97* | – | − 0.61 ± 0.25* | – | – | – | – |
| Fluctuating cognition | – | 3.41 ± 1.31** | – | − 0.26 ± 0.23 | – | 0.70 ± 0.50 | – | 0.55 ± 0.30 |
| Visual hallucinations | – | − 1.01 ± 0.99 | – | 0.08 ± 0.27 | – | 0.33 ± 0.49 | – | 0.50 ± 0.38 |
Bold means that the significant P values
In the statistical analysis of Model 1 and Model 2, 62 patients with MCI-LB, 437 patients with DLB, 104 patients with PD-MCI, and 242 patients with PDD were analyzed for the age at CI, course of disease, C-MMSE, MOCA, ADL, and CDR, as well as four core clinical features; 17 patients with MCI-LB, 292 patients with DLB, 104 patients with PD-MCI, and 242 patients with PDD were analyzed for the age at PARK and the interval between CI and PARK; 62 patients with MCI-LB, 434 patients with DLB, 102 patients with PD-MCI, and 236 patients with PDD were analyzed for MRI visual scales; and 61 patients with MCI-LB, 339 patients with DLB, 12 patients with PD-MCI, and 36 patients with PDD were analyzed for NPI. Data represent β ± standard error by linear regressions (a) or logistic regressions (b). *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Model 1: with correction for education, cardiometabolic conditions (hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke), smoking and alcohol consumption by linear regressions
Model 2: Model 1 with correction for age at last visit and course of disease
MCI-LB mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies, DLB dementia with Lewy bodies, PD-MCI Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment, PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia, CI cognitive impairment, PARK parkinsonism, MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MTA medial temporal lobe atrophy, C-MMSE the Mini-Mental State Examination (Chinese version), MoCA the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ADL the Activity of Daily Living Scale, CDR the clinical dementia rating, NPI the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, RBD rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder