TABLE 2.

Botanicals as carriers in electrospinning for wound healing.

Botanicals	Bioactive agent	Electrospinning design	Properties for wound healing	Advantages of botanicals	References
Lignin	-	Nanospider (needleless electrospinning)	1. Skin-friendly	1. Easy to access	Morganti et al. (2017)
			2. Acting on the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and human beta-defensin 2	2. Biodegradability
				3. Reducing the dependence on fossil fuel resources
Guar gum	Paramagnetic iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Blend/fibers obtained from alkaline stock solutions	1. Enhanced nanoparticle homogeneity	1. Hydrophilic	Lubambo et al. (2015)
			2. Increased nanoparticle stability	2. Non-toxic
			3. Adequate levels of cytotoxicity and cell adhesion/proliferation	3. Biocompatible
				4. Abundantly available in nature
				5. Keeping long-term iron oxide nanoparticle stabilization through steric repulsion reducing both aggregation and sedimentation
				6. The ability to chelate metal ions in alkaline pH
Arabic gum/karaya gum/kondagogu gum	-	Nanospider/methane plasma treatment	1. Improved water contact angle	1. Non-toxic	Padil et al. (2016)
			2. High surface porosity and roughness	2. Hydrophilic
			3. Superior hydrophobic properties	3. Acid stability
				4. High viscosity
				5. Potential antibacterial agent
				6. Stabilizer and reducing agent in the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles
				7. Environmentally friendly
Mucilage of Hibiscus leaves	-	Blend/crosslinked (glutaraldehyde)	1. Faster epithelization	1. Anti-bacteria: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	Sen et al. (2022)
			2. Hemocompatibility	2. Anti-oxidation
			3. Biodegradability	3. Optimal skin moisturizing effect
Pectin	-	Co-blended with polyethylene oxide, followed by selective washing off polyethylene oxide (containing only 1.5% polyethylene oxide)	A high Young’s modulus: 358.5 MPa	1. Anti-inflammation	Cui et al. (2016)
				2. Combination of ion-crosslinkable property
				3. Biocompatible
				4. Biodegradable
				5. Hydrophilic