Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in weighted cohort. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Glimepiride | Liraglutide | Sitagliptin | Largest SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted No | 4168 | 572 | 2800 | |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 62.0 (11.1) | 60.5 (10.4) | 62.0 (11.0) | 0.14 |
| Sex: | ||||
| Women | 2009 (48.2) | 289 (50.5) | 1374 (49.1) | 0.05 |
| Men | 2159 (51.8) | 283 (49.5) | 1427 (50.9) | |
| Race or ethnicity: | ||||
| White | 2695 (64.7) | 376 (65.8) | 1798 (64.2) | 0.09 |
| Black | 536 (12.9) | 79 (13.7) | 355 (12.7) | |
| Hispanic | 513 (12.3) | 72(12.6) | 353 (12.6) | |
| Asian | 266 (6.4) | 28 (4.9) | 185 (6.6) | |
| Unknown | 159 (3.8) | 17 (3.0) | 108 (3.9) | |
| Annual household income ($): | ||||
| <40 000 | 989 (23.7) | 123 (21.6) | 647 (23.1) | 0.10 |
| 40 000-74 999 | 1145 (27.5) | 175 (30.7) | 766 (27.3) | |
| 75 000-124 999 | 1153 (27.7) | 164 (28.6) | 772 (27.6) | |
| 125 000-199 999 | 485 (11.6) | 63 (11.0) | 336 (12.0) | |
| ≥200 000 | 185 (4.4) | 26 (4.5) | 139 (4.9) | |
| Unknown or missing | 211 (5.1) | 21 (3.7) | 142 (5.1) | |
| Mean (SD) baseline HbA1c | 7.6 (0.5) | 7.6 (0.5) | 7.6 (0.5) | 0.06 |
| Baseline HbA1c categories (%): | ||||
| 6.8-6.9 | 336 (8.1) | 59 (10.3) | 233 (8.3) | 0.09 |
| 7.0-7.9 | 2630 (63.1) | 364 (63.7) | 1786 (63.8) | |
| 8.0-8.5 | 1202 (28.8) | 149 (26.0) | 782 (27.9) | |
| Mean (SD) baseline creatinine (mg/dL)* | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| Baseline comorbidities: | ||||
| Nephropathy | 363 (8.7) | 55 (9.5) | 229 (8.2) | 0.05 |
| Retinopathy | 196 (4.7) | 31 (5.4) | 135 (4.8) | 0.03 |
| Neuropathy | 505 (12.1) | 75 (13.2) | 326 (11.7) | 0.05 |
| Hyperglycemia | 2 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 0.03 |
| Hypoglycemia | 2 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 0.03 |
| Coronary artery disease | 355 (8.5) | 53 (9.2) | 224 (8.0) | 0.04 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 121(2.9) | 18 (3.1) | 82 (2.9) | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 117 (2.8) | 16 (2.8) | 80 (2.8) | 0.00 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 190 (4.6) | 28 (4.9) | 130 (4.6) | 0.02 |
| Baseline drugs: | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 1819 (43.6) | 250 (43.7) | 1206 (43.1) | 0.01 |
| ARB | 1110 (26.6) | 157 (27.4) | 755 (27.0) | 0.02 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 2850 (68.4) | 400 (69.9) | 1906 (68.0) | 0.04 |
| Direct oral anticoagulant | 57 (1.4) | 9 (1.5) | 40 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Statin | 2853 (68.5) | 374 (65.4) | 1937 (69.2) | 0.08 |
| Non-statin lipid lowering drugs | 549 (13.2) | 85 (14.9) | 382 (13.6) | 0.05 |
| Warfarin | 83 (2.0) | 12 (2.0) | 48 (1.7) | 0.02 |
| Peripheral neuropathy drugs | 410 (9.8) | 74 (12.9) | 281 (10.0) | 0.09 |
| Specialty of treating physicians: | ||||
| Primary care | 3202 (76.8) | 424 (74.1) | 2145 (76.6) | 0.10 |
| Endocrinology | 174 (4.2) | 27 (4.7) | 120 (4.3) | |
| Cardiology | 28 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 19 (0.7) | |
| Nephrology | 6 (0.1) | 0 | 5 (0.2) | |
| Other | 274 (6.6) | 45 (7.9) | 179 (6.4) | |
| Unknown | 483 (11.6) | 74 (12.9) | 333 (11.9) | |
| Year of cohort entry: | ||||
| 2010 | 237 (5.7) | 29 (5.0) | 167 (6.0) | 0.13 |
| 2011 | 241 (5.8) | 25 (4.4) | 168 (6.0) | |
| 2012 | 297 (7.1) | 41 (7.2) | 204 (7.3) | |
| 2013 | 388 (9.3) | 65 (11.3) | 268 (9.6) | |
| 2014 | 464 (11.1) | 65 (11.4) | 318 (11.4) | |
| 2015 | 449 (10.8) | 58 (10.1) | 293 (10.4) | |
| 2016 | 575 (13.8) | 75 (13.0) | 380 (13.6) | |
| 2017 | 761 (18.3) | 97 (16.9) | 497 (17.8) | |
| 2018 | 632 (15.2) | 91 (15.9) | 422 (15.1) | |
| 2019 | 126 (3.0) | 27 (4.7) | 84 (3.0) |
$
1.00 (£0.87; €1.01).
ARB=angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE=angiotensin converting enzyme; HbA1c=hemoglobin A1c; SD=standard deviation; SMD=standardized mean difference.
*
Creatine was not included in the models as only a subset of the population had available data (reported in the table). 1 mg/dL×88.4=1 μmol/L.