Table 2.
The association between ultra-processed foods intake and CVD, CHD, cerebrovascular disease and CVD mortality according to consumption of ultra-processed foods (2008–20) in UK Biobank
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New-onset CVD | |||||
| Casesa [n (%)] | 1390 (9.22) | 1466 (9.73) | 1544 (10.24) | 1648 (10.93) | |
| Person-year incidence | 8.79‰ | 9.26‰ | 9.79‰ | 10.48‰ | |
| Unadjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | <0.001 |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.98–1.13) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) | <0.001 |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.97–1.12) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | <0.001 |
| New-onset CHD | |||||
| Casesa [n (%)] | 1218 (8.00) | 1293 (8.49) | 1369 (8.99) | 1447 (9.50) | |
| Person-year incidence | 7.58‰ | 8.05‰ | 8.55‰ | 9.05‰ | |
| Unadjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 1.20 (1.11–1.29) | <0.001 |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.18 (1.10–1.28) | <0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 1.19 (1.09–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | <0.001 |
| New-onset cerebrovascular disease | |||||
| Casesa [n (%)] | 348 (2.19) | 370 (2.33) | 358 (2.25) | 443 (2.78) | |
| Person-year incidence | 2.02‰ | 2.14‰ | 2.07‰ | 2.57‰ | |
| Unadjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.27 (1.11–1.47) | <0.001 |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.91–1.20) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) | <0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.30 (1.11–1.52) | <0.001 |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) | <0.001 |
| All-cause mortality | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
| Casesa [n (%)] | 596 (3.71) | 621 (3.85) | 636 (3.95) | 737 (4.57) | |
| Person-year incidence | 3.42‰ | 3.56‰ | 3.65‰ | 4.24‰ | |
| Unadjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) | <0.001 |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.23 (1.10–1.37) | <0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | <0.001 |
| New-onset CVD mortality | |||||
| Casesa [n (%)] | 79 (0.49) | 98 (0.61) | 106 (0.66) | 101 (0.63) | |
| Person-year incidence | 0.45‰ | 0.56‰ | 0.60‰ | 0.57‰ | |
| Unadjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.24 (0.92–1.67) | 1.34 (1.00–1.79) | 1.28 (0.95–1.71) | 0.232 |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | 0.372 |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 0.383 |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 0.350 |
Values were presented as hazard ratios (95% confidence interval).
Group 1 is the proportion UPFs energy of total energy in Quartile 1; Group 2 is the proportion UPFs energy of total energy Quartile 2; Group 3 is the proportion UPFs energy of total energy in Quartile 3; Group 4 is the proportion UPFs energy of total energy in Quartile 4. The cut-off values for quarters of ultra-processed food consumption were 20.8%, 31.3%, 43.0% for all participants.
Participants in cycle 0.
Model 1: age, sex, ethnicity, education years, smoking status and Townsend deprivation index.
Model 2: Model 1 with obesity status, sleep duration, total energy intake, physical activity, protein, total fat, carbohydrates, alcohol, fibre, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans-fat.
Model 3: Model 2 with hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia.