Table 1.
Clinical characteristics for patients with CKD with or without apparent treatment-resistant hypertension according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association BP guideline
| Characteristics | Kaiser Permanente Southern California | Veterans Health Administration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Refractory Hypertension | Uncontrolled Resistant Hypertension | Controlled Resistant Hypertension | Nonapparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension | Refractory Hypertension | Uncontrolled Resistant Hypertension | Controlled Resistant Hypertension | Nonapparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension | |
| Patients, N (row %) | 1143 (3) | 12,604 (28) | 3836 (9) | 26,960 (61) | 3471 (1) | 70,345 (29) | 11,140 (5) | 156,509 (65) |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age, yr at index, mean (SD) | 73 (10) | 75 (10) | 75 (9) | 76 (10) | 72 (9) | 73 (9) | 74 (9) | 74 (9) |
| Men, N (column %) | 573 (50) | 5290 (42) | 2021 (53) | 12,294 (46) | 3423 (99) | 68,225 (97) | 10,935 (98) | 151,214 (97) |
| Race and ethnicity, N (column %) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 475 (42) | 6131 (49) | 1884 (49) | 15,414 (57) | 1924 (55) | 45,582 (65) | 7671 (69) | 111,431 (71) |
| Hispanic | 267 (23) | 2908 (23) | 830 (22) | 5667 (21) | 212 (6) | 4282 (6) | 601 (5) | 8461 (5) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 267 (23) | 2164 (17) | 693 (18) | 2786 (10) | 1076 (31) | 15,351 (22) | 2084 (19) | 25,270 (16) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 115 (10) | 1241 (10) | 378 (10) | 2729 (10) | 15 (0.4) | 504 (0.7) | 73 (0.7) | 1122 (0.7) |
| Native American/Alaskan | 1 (0.1) | 20 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 44 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | 164 (0.2) | 19 (0.2) | 341 (0.2) |
| Other/multirace/unknown | 18 (2) | 140 (1) | 47 (1) | 320 (1) | 236 (7) | 4462 (6) | 692 (6) | 9884 (6) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 134 (16) | 132 (14) | 124 (14) | 125 (14) | 143 (19) | 140 (17) | 120 (16) | 129 (18) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 65 (11) | 67 (11) | 63 (10) | 66 (10) | 75 (12) | 75 (11) | 67 (10) | 72 (11) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 33 (8) | 31 (7) | 31 (7) | 29 (6) | 33 (7) | 31 (6) | 32 (7) | 31 (6) |
| Body mass index category, kg/m2, N (column %) | ||||||||
| <25 | 152 (13) | 2503 (20) | 667 (17) | 7220 (27) | 366 (11) | 9515 (14) | 1356 (12) | 25,580 (16) |
| 25–29.9 | 312 (27) | 4154 (33) | 1268 (33) | 9762 (36) | 862 (25) | 20,459 (29) | 2943 (26) | 48,191 (31) |
| 30–34.9 | 281 (25) | 3150 (25) | 974 (25) | 5859 (22) | 938 (27) | 18,549 (26) | 2962 (27) | 38,374 (25) |
| ≥35 | 390 (34) | 2760 (22) | 916 (24) | 3986 (15) | 1052 (30) | 16,181 (23) | 3036 (27) | 29,408 (19) |
| Missing | 8 (0.7) | 37 (0.3) | 11 (0.3) | 133 (0.5) | 253 (7) | 5641 (8) | 843 (8) | 14,956 (10) |
| Comorbidities, N (column %) | ||||||||
| Heart failure | 195 (17) | 1507 (12) | 766 (20) | 2393 (9) | 594 (17) | 7892 (11) | 2398 (22) | 14,504 (9) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 57 (5) | 518 (4) | 193 (5) | 982 (4) | 365 (11) | 6766 (10) | 1227 (11) | 12,977 (8) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 34 (3) | 245 (2) | 74 (2) | 414 (2) | 173 (5) | 2270 (3) | 556 (5) | 3936 (3) |
| Diabetes | 847 (74) | 7151 (57) | 2371 (62) | 11,624 (43) | 2484 (72) | 44,699 (64) | 7516 (68) | 88,033 (56) |
| Sleep apnea | 152 (13) | 998 (8) | 434 (11) | 1672 (6) | 937 (27) | 14,640 (21) | 2879 (26) | 27,801 (18) |
| Dementia | 8 (0.7) | 151 (1) | 53 (1) | 524 (2) | 71 (2) | 1661 (2) | 267 (2) | 3727 (2) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 15 (1) | 141 (1) | 42 (1) | 218 (0.8) | 34 (1) | 521 (0.7) | 89 (0.8) | 852 (0.5) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 37 (13) | 41 (12) | 40 (12) | 44 (11) | 40 (15) | 42 (14) | 42 (13) | 44 (13) |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio, median (Q1, Q3) | 171 (24, 975) | 60 (14, 432) | 41 (11, 240) | 24 (8, 107) | 110 (24, 512) | 65 (17, 316) | 41 (12, 171) | 36 (11, 147) |
| Missing, N (column %) | 149 (13) | 2898 (23) | 756 (20) | 8510 (32) | 2161 (0.9) | 44,302 (18) | 7009 (3) | 102,557 (43) |
Q, quartile.