Table 1.
Literature review of MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Embase from database inception through February 2022.
| Sample size | Tumor type | Modality | Task | Secondary task | Data collection | Multicenter | Validation strategy | RQS | Year | PMID/doi | Citation |
| 939 | Lung | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Tuning; validation set | 13 | 2021 | 33500713 | 49 | |
| 697 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set; test set | 23 | 2021 | 34135101 | 39 |
| 575 | Melanoma | CT | Prognosis | Prospective | Yes | Validation set | 20 | 2022 | 35050320 | 34 | |
| 491 | Mix | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Prognosis; treatment response | Retrospective | Yes | Test set | 18 | 2018 | 30120041 | 30 |
| 491 | GI | MRI | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 14 | 2021 | 33963688 | 50 | |
| 450 | Lung | CT | Classification | Prognosis; treatment response | Retrospective | No | Tuning; validation set | 15 | 2020 | 32636239 | 28 |
| 399 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2020 | 31147234 | 51 | |
| 390 | Lung | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 2020 | 32176676 | 52 | ||
| 290 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Classification | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2018 | 29386574 | 53 |
| 255 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 15 | 2021 | 34976829 | 54 | |
| 224 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set | 15 | 2022 | 35096486 | 55 |
| 210 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set; test set | 16 | 2021 | 33828255 | 56 |
| 207 | Liver | MRI | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2019 | 30666445 | 57 | |
| 203 | Mix | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set; test set | 12 | 2019 | 30895304 | 58 |
| 200 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 12 | 2021 | 33594323 | 32 |
| 198 | GI | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 11 | 2019 | 31250180 | 59 | |
| 197 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set | 18 | 2021 | 33816314 | 60 |
| 194 | Lung | PET/CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set; test set | 24 | 2019 | 31807885 | 38 | |
| 194 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification | Retrospective | No | Validation set; test set | 24 | 2020 | 33937811 | 40 | |
| 188 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Prospective | Yes | Validation set | 25 | 2020 | 32198149 | 26 | |
| 184 | Pancreas | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2021 | 34094971 | 61 | |
| 181 | Lung | PET | Classification (immune environment) | Treatment response | Retrospective | Yes | Test set | 15 | 2020 | 32929383 | 62 |
| 179 | Head and neck | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set | 15 | 2021 | 34890937 | 63 | |
| 172 | Breast | MRI | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 16 | 2020 | 33795199 | 64 | |
| 166 | Brain | MRI | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | None | 4 | 2020 | 32065261 | 65 | |
| 165 | GI | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set; test set | 16 | 2020 | 32395513 | 66 |
| 160 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 11 | 2020 | 33333202 | 67 | |
| 153 | Lung | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 12 | 2020 | 32043309 | 68 | |
| 152 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2021 | 33 738 253 | 35 | |
| 151 | Brain | MRI | Prognosis | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | Yes | Cross validation | 13 | 2021 | 10.1016/j.neucom.2020. 10.117 |
69 |
| 149 | Lung | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Test set | 16 | 2020 | 32251447 | 70 | |
| 140 | Melanoma | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 13 | 2021 | 34795006 | 71 |
| 139 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set; test set | 15 | 2019 | 31719058 | 72 |
| 132 | Lymphoma | PET | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2020 | 32248365 | 73 | |
| 131 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set | 16 | 2022 | 35083133 | 74 | |
| 127 | Lung | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 11 | 2020 | 32953730 | 75 | |
| 125 | Brain | MRI | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Test set | 13 | 2021 | 33761371 | 76 | |
| 120 | Lung | CT | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 15 | 2021 | 34422625 | 77 | |
| 114 | Pancreas | MRI | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2021 | 34355834 | 78 | |
| 109 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | Yes | Validation set | 16 | 2020 | 33051342 | 79 | |
| 103 | Lung | PET/CT | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2021 | 34868999 | 80 | |
| 103 | Melanoma | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 10 | 2019 | 31704599 | 81 | |
| 103 | Liver | MRI | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 10 | 2021 | 34679573 | 82 | |
| 101 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | Unknown | Validation set | 2022 | 35137628 | 83 | ||
| 100 | Lung | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 13 | 2020 | 32548224 | 84 |
| 97 | Lung | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 11 | 2021 | 34611410 | 85 | |
| 94 | Mix | CT | Treatment response | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | Yes | Test set | 13 | 2020 | 33188037 | 86 |
| 92 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 15 | 2021 | 34183009 | 87 | |
| 90 | GI | MRI | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Prospective | No | Validation set | 22 | 2021 | 34307164 | 88 | |
| 87 | GI | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 8 | 2020 | 33077705 | 89 | |
| 87 | GI | CT | Treatment response | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2022 | 35073519 | 90 |
| 85 | Head and neck | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 13 | 2021 | 34071518 | 91 | |
| 85 | Lung | CT | Classification | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 9 | 2021 | 10.3390/cancers13040652 | 92 | |
| 75 | Ovary | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 10 | 2019 | 32914033 | 93 | |
| 74 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Cross validation | 8 | 2021 | 34439148 | 94 | |
| 74 | Bladder | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 13 | 2021 | 33889546 | 95 | |
| 73 | Lung | CT | Classification | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2022 | 35026041 | 96 | |
| 71 | Head and neck | CT | Classification (immune environment) | Retrospective | Unknown | 12 | 2021 | 34519454 | 97 | ||
| 68 | Mix | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | None | 12 | 2020 | 32569799 | 31 | |
| 64 | GI | CT | Treatment response | Prospective | Yes | Validation set | 23 | 2021 | 34717582 | 98 | |
| 63 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | None | 8 | 2021 | 33968716 | 99 | |
| 62 | Bladder | CT | Prognosis | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 17 | 2020 | 32394281 | 100 |
| 60 | Melanoma | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 10 | 2022 | 34666945 | 101 | |
| 59 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Test set | 11 | 2019 | 10.3892/ol.2019.11220 | 102 | |
| 57 | Lung | PET | Prognosis | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | None | 9 | 2020 | 32380754 | 37 |
| 57 | Mix | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 9 | 2021 | 33849924 | 103 | |
| 56 | Melanoma | PET | Prognosis | Retrospective | Yes | Cross validation | 7 | 2022 | 35204479 | 104 | |
| 52 | Melanoma | PET/CT | Prognosis | Classification | Retrospective | No | None | 6 | 2021 | 33811161 | 105 |
| 50 | Melanoma | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Test set | 12 | 2020 | 32984000 | 106 | |
| 48 | Liver | MRI | Classification (immune environment) | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | None | 9 | 2020 | 32086577 | 107 |
| 48 | Kidney | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | Unknown | 11 | 2021 | 34338919 | 108 | ||
| 46 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 9 | 2021 | 33718125 | 109 |
| 42 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | Unknown | 2021 | 34034473 | 110 | |||
| 42 | Bladder | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 10 | 2021 | 33849811 | 111 | |
| 41 | Bladder | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | Validation set | 12 | 2020 | 34460530 | 112 | |
| 33 | Lung | CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | No | None | 10 | 2022 | 35053513 | 113 | |
| 32 | Melanoma | CT | Prognosis | Retrospective | No | Cross validation | 11 | 2021 | 34692481 | 114 | |
| 31 | Lung | PET | Classification (tumor phenotype) | Retrospective | No | None | 6 | 2020 | 32894535 | 115 | |
| 30 | Lung | PET | Prognosis | Prospective | No | Cross validation | 18 | 2020 | 32726293 | 36 | |
| 30 | Blood | CT | Treatment response | Experimental | Unknown | 2020 | 32832602 | 116 | |||
| 26 | Melanoma | PET/CT | Treatment response | Retrospective | Unknown | 2020 | 32259852 | 117 | |||
| 21 | Lung | CT | Prognosis | Treatment response | Prospective | No | None | 16 | 2021 | 33758304 | 118 |
| 16 | Pancreas | MRI | Prognosis | Treatment response | Experimental | Unknown | Cross validation | 2020 | 32039734 | 119 | |
| 15 | Lung | MRI/CT | Classification | Experimental | Unknown | Validation set | 2021 | 34428218 | 120 | ||
| 8 | Pancreas | MRI | Prognosis | Experimental | Unknown | Cross validation | 2021 | 32499156 | 121 | ||
| 7 | Pancreas | CT | Classification | Prospective | No | Cross validation | 15 | 2021 | 34261044 | 122 | |
| 7 | Brain | MRI | Treatment response | Prospective | No | None | 12 | 2020 | 32152626 | 123 |
CT, Computed Tomography; DOI, Document Object Identifier; GI, gastrointestinal; MRi, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; PMID, PubMed reference number; RQS, Radiomics Quality Score.