TABLE 2—
Number of Refugee Children Aged 16 Years or Younger With Elevated Blood Lead Levels (EBLLs) and Mean Blood Lead Levels Based on Country of Birth: Pennsylvania National Electronic Disease Surveillance System, 2015–2020
| Birth Country | Children With Confirmed EBLLs,a No. | Children With Unconfirmed EBLLs,b No. | Children With EBLLs,c No. (%) | Children With No EBLLs, No. | Total No. Children | GM of Blood Lead Levelsd (SE) |
| Afghanistan | 66 | 3 | 69 (43.9) | 88 | 157 | 4.27 (1.051) |
| Belarus | 0 | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 31 | 31 | 1.51 (1.068) |
| Burundi | 21 | 14 | 35 (23.3) | 115 | 150 | 2.84 (1.053) |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 24 | 4 | 28 (21.4) | 103 | 131 | 2.60 (1.066) |
| Eritrea | 2 | 3 | 5 (12.5) | 35 | 40 | 2.06 (1.105) |
| Ethiopia | 7 | 6 | 13 (17.8) | 60 | 73 | 2.66 (1.074) |
| India | 5 | 1 | 6 (23.1) | 20 | 26 | 3.51 (1.075) |
| Iraq | 11 | 1 | 12 (11.0) | 97 | 109 | 2.61 (1.057) |
| Jordan | 12 | . . . | 12 (11.4) | 93 | 105 | 2.73 (1.068) |
| Kenya | 16 | 2 | 18 (12.9) | 122 | 140 | 2.66 (1.051) |
| Malawi | 2 | 1 | 3 (12.5) | 21 | 24 | 3.59 (1.122) |
| Malaysia | 19 | 1 | 20 (16.3) | 103 | 123 | 2.88 (1.046) |
| Myanmar | 3 | . . . | 3 (6.5) | 43 | 46 | 2.67 (1.072) |
| Nepal | 114 | 11 | 125 (34.3) | 239 | 364 | 3.89 (1.022) |
| Pakistan | 8 | 4 | 12 (38.7) | 19 | 31 | 3.62 (1.114) |
| Rwanda | 5 | 3 | 8 (10.0) | 72 | 80 | 2.04 (1.080) |
| Somalia | 2 | 17 | 19 (26.0) | 54 | 73 | 3.05 (1.074) |
| South Africa | 4 | . . . | 4 (12.1) | 29 | 33 | 2.54 (1.116) |
| Sudan | 2 | 3 | 5 (20.0) | 20 | 25 | 2.65 (1.155) |
| Syria | 20 | 5 | 25 (5.5) | 427 | 452 | 2.22 (1.022) |
| Thailand | 12 | . . . | 12 (25.5) | 35 | 47 | 3.80 (1.100) |
| Uganda | 62 | 5 | 67 (33.0) | 136 | 203 | 3.08 (1.061) |
| Ukraine | 2 | 1 | 3 (1.8) | 163 | 166 | 1.48 (1.046) |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 22 | 3 | 25 (8.8) | 259 | 284 | 2.05 (1.037) |
| Zambia | 4 | 3 | 7 (17.9) | 32 | 39 | 2.98 (1.089) |
| Other countries | 33 | 9 | 42 (22.1) | 148 | 190 | 2.74 (1.051) |
| Total | 478 | 100 | 578 (18.4) | 2564 | 3142 | 2.67 (1.012) |
Note. GM = geometric mean.
a
Children with 1 venous lead level of ≥ 5 µg/dL or 2 capillary lead levels of ≥ 5µg/dL, within 84 days.
b
Children with 1 capillary lead levels of ≥ 5 µg/dL without a confirmation test.
c
Sum of confirmed and unconfirmed EBLLs.
d
Less than minimum detectable level (MDL) of lead in blood was replaced by MDL/√ 2; a value of 2/√ 2 was used when no MDL was available. In 2019, the average prevalence of EBLLs of all children ≤ 16 y in Pennsylvania was 2.5%.