Table 5.
Pooled subgroup associations of fasting insulin and hemoglobin A1c with obstructive sleep apnea risk by age, sex, menopausal status, body mass index, and waist circumference*
| Fasting insulin† |
HbA1c‡ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-int | OR (95% CI) | P-int | |
| Age, yr | 0.96 | 0.66 | ||
| <55 | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) | — | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | — |
| ⩾55 | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) | — | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | — |
| Sex | 0.17 | 0.98 | ||
| Men | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | — | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) | — |
| Women | 1.16 (1.05–1.30) | — | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | — |
| Menopausal status | 0.34 | 0.92 | ||
| Premenopausal | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | — | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | — |
| Postmenopausal | 1.23 (1.04–1.47) | — | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | — |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.87 | 0.47 | ||
| <25 | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | — | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | — |
| ⩾25 | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | — | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | — |
| Waist circumference§ | 0.09 | 0.68 | ||
| Small | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | — | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | — |
| Large | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | — | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | — |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; OR = odds ratio.
*
Adjusted for cohort, age, race and ethnicity, sex, menopausal status in women, smoking, sleep duration, diet quality, physical activity, hypertension, family history of diabetes, BMI, and waist circumference.
†
Estimates were expressed for every doubling of fasting insulin.
‡
Estimates were expressed for a 1% increase in HbA1c.
§
Sex-specific cutoff values were used to define a large waist circumference (⩾102 cm for men and ⩾88 cm for women).