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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 3.
Published in final edited form as: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020 Aug 12;58(1):42–53. doi: 10.1177/1055665620947987

Table 6.

CBCL differences based on sex of cases compared to controls by linear regression

Females Males

Controls
(n = 41)
Cases
(n = 33)
Controls
(n = 31)
Cases
(n = 56)

ESa 95% CI p ESa 95% CI p
Composite Scales
Internalizing Problems Ref 0.23 −0.26 0.71 0.36 Ref 0.36 −0.13 0.84 0.15
Externalizing Problems Ref −0.02 −0.40 0.36 0.91 Ref 0.26 −0.19 0.71 0.27
Total Problems Ref 0.14 −0.26 0.54 0.49 Ref 0.40 −0.05 0.85 0.09
Subscales
Emotionally Reactive Ref −0.04 −0.57 0.49 0.89 Ref 0.52 0.04 1.00 0.04
Anxious/Depressed Ref 0.37 −0.11 0.86 0.14 Ref 0.37 −0.06 0.81 0.09
Somatic Complaints Ref 0.24 −0.30 0.78 0.39 Ref 0.02 −0.54 0.57 0.96
Withdrawn Ref 0.17 −0.37 0.72 0.53 Ref 0.25 −0.27 0.78 0.35
Sleep Problems Ref 0.07 −0.38 0.52 0.76 Ref 0.32 −0.12 0.75 0.16
Attention Problems Ref 0 −0.45 0.45 0.99 Ref 0.22 −0.17 0.62 0.27
Aggressive Behaviors Ref −0.01 −0.42 0.40 0.97 Ref 0.23 −0.23 0.68 0.33
Stress Problems Ref 0.27 −0.31 0.85 0.37 Ref 0.45 0.04 0.85 0.03
Depressive Problems Ref 0.23 −0.26 0.71 0.37 Ref 0.16 −0.26 0.58 0.46
Anxiety Problems Ref 0.19 −0.28 0.65 0.43 Ref 0.47 0.06 0.88 0.03
Autism Spectrum Problems Ref 0.37 −0.21 0.94 0.22 Ref 0.41 −0.04 0.86 0.08
ADHD Problems Ref 0.03 −0.39 0.45 0.89 Ref 0.23 −0.18 0.65 0.27
Oppositional Defiant Problems Ref 0.15 −0.28 0.57 0.50 Ref 0.33 −0.18 0.83 0.21
a

standardized effect size adjusted for age (continuous months), sex, SES (continuous), study site, race (white vs. non-white), language (any Spanish vs. only English)