Table 2.
Name, chemical formula, and chemical structure of vitamins
| Names | Chemical formula | Chemical structure | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B1 | Thiamine/thiamin/vitamin B1 | C12H17N4OS | Aminopyrimidine ring linked to a thiazolium ring by a methylene bridge; methyl and hydroxyethyl side chains are present instead of a thiazole |
| Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP/co‐carboxylase), thiamine hydrochloride (TH‐HC), thiamine mononitrate (TH‐MN) | |||
| Vitamin B3 |
Vitamin B3/vitamin PP/Niacin/Nicotinic acid |
C6H5NO2 | Derivate of pyridine with a carboxyl group at the 3‐position |
| Niacinamide/amide nicotinamide | |||
| Vitamin B5 | Vitamin B5/pantotheic acid | C9H17NO5 | Combination of pantoic acid and beta‐alanine |
| Panthenol (pro‐vitamin B5)2; syntetic variants (panthenyl ethyl ether, panthenyl triacetate, calcium and sodium pantothenate) | |||
| Vitamin B6 | Vitamin B6/Pyridoxine (PN) | C8H11NO3 | 3‐Hydroxy‐4,5‐ hydroxymethyl‐2‐methylpyridine |
| Pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL)/pyridoxine hydrochloride | |||
| Vitamin B7 | Vitamin B7/Vitamin H/Biotin | C10H16N203S | Heterocyclic, sulfur‐containing, monocarboxylic acid with two rings (imidazolidone and tetrahydrothiophene moieties) fused together |
| Vitamin B12 | Vitamin B12/Cobalamin | C63H88CON14014P | Planar group containing a corrin ring cetered by a cobalt ion and a nucleotide set |
| Cyanocobalamin (the most stable; used in pharmaceuticals), hydroxocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin (active), methylcobalamin (active) | |||
| Vitamin C | Vitamin C/(l‐)Ascorbic acid (AA)/Ascorbate | C6H806 | 2‐Oxo‐l‐theo‐hexono‐4‐lactone‐2,3‐enediol |
| Dehydroascorbate (DHA), d‐arabo‐ascorbic acid, l‐arabo–ascorbic acid | |||
| Vitamin A | Vitamin A/Retinoids | C20H30O (retinol), C20H28O (retinal), C20H28O2 (retinoid acid) | 20‐Carbon molecule made up of a trimethylated cyclohexenyl ring, an isoprenoid side chain with four double bonds (the retinyl group), and a polar carbon–oxygen functional group |
| Retinol (alcohol isoform)/retinal (the aldehyde isoform)/retinoid acid (the irreversibly oxidized form of retinol; main metabolite)/carotenoids (provitamins A)/Retinyl palmitate (RP; storage form) | |||
| Vitamin D | Vitamin D/secosteroids | C27H44O (cholecalciferol), C28H44O (ergocalciferol), C27H44O3 (calcitriol) | Compared with cholesterol, vitamin D has only three intact rings, being the A ring not rigidly fused to the B ring. In solution it may exhibit two spatial conformations: the 6‐s‐cis form, i.e., the steroid‐like shape, and the 6‐s‐trans, i.e., the extended shape |
| Cholecalciferol (previtamin D; vitamin D3; originated in the skin after sun exposure and found in animal meat), ergocalciferol (vitamin D2; found in vegetables and plants), calcitriol (active metabolite) | |||
| Vitamin E | Vitamin E/alpha tocopherol | C28H48O2 | Basilar structure with a head made up of a chromanol ring and a tail represented by a phytyl side chain, attached at the 2‐position |
| Beta tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, delta tocopherol, tocotrienols | |||
| Vitamin K | Vitamin K/phytonadione | C28H48O2 | Common 2‐methyl‐1,4 naftoquinone core, called menadione, and a phytyl side chain at the 3‐position. This side chain, which is an isoprenoid structure, may display different lengths and degrees of saturation depending on the specific isoform |
| Phylloquinone, menaquinone |