Table 1.
Study characteristics of most frequently studied plasma biomarkers for CKD outcomes
| Plasma Biomarker | N Studies Available for Pooling | N Studies by Outcome Typea | Pooled N of Participants | Clinical Settings Studied | Diabetes Status of Studies Available | Pooled Relative Risk (95% CI) | I2b | Qb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNFR1 | 31 | Incident CKD (5); CKD progression (5); incident ESKD (6); composite outcomes (16) | 22,709 | 6 clinical trials, 3 inpatient cohorts, 22 outpatient cohorts | 13 cohorts with T2DM only, 3 cohorts with T1DM only, 4 cohorts without DM, 11 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall: 2.17 (1.91 to 2.47); incident CKD: 2.11 (1.60 to 2.78); CKD progression: 1.56 (1.27 to 1.91); incident ESKD 3.20 (1.99 to 5.16); composite: 2.29 (1.91 to 2.73) | 78.06% | 136.73 |
| FGF23 | 30 | Incident CKD (7); CKD progression (5); incident ESKD (10); composite (10) | 43,363 | 4 clinical trials, 26 outpatient cohorts | 5 cohorts with T2DM only, 2 cohorts without DM, 20 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall: 1.21 (1.15 to 1.28); incident CKD 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35); CKD progression 1.23 (0.93 to 1.63); incident ESKD 1.37 (1.19 to 1.58); composite 1.12 (1.05 to 1.20) | 82.8% | 168.94 |
| TNFR2 | 23 | Incident CKD (7); CKD progression (2); incident ESKD (5); composite (10) | 22,503 | 5 clinical trials, 1 inpatient cohort, 17 outpatient cohorts | 8 cohorts with T2DM only, 2 cohorts with T1DM, 4 cohorts without DM, 9 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall: 2.07 (1.82 to 2.34); incident CKD 1.87 (1.44 to 2.42); CKD progression 3.93 (0.75 to 20.59); incident ESKD 2.33 (1.69 to 3.21); composite 2.07 (1.80 to to 2.37) |
70.72% | 75.14 |
| KIM-1 | 18 | Incident CKD (4); incident ESKD (2); composite (13) | 20,219 | 3 clinical trials, 4 inpatient cohorts, 11 outpatient cohorts | 7 cohorts with T2DM, 2 cohorts with T1DM, 1 cohort without DM, 8 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall: 1.51 (1.38 to 1.66); incident CKD 1.33 (1.16 to 1.53); incident ESKD 1.52 (0.85 to 2.72); composite 1.59 (1.43 to 1.76) | 75.43% | 69.19 |
| suPAR | 12 | Incident CKD (5); incident ESKD (2); composite (5) | 42,662 | 1 clinical trial, 1 inpatient cohort, 1 cohort of mixed setting, 9 outpatient cohorts | 1 cohort with T1DM, 5 cohorts without DM, 6 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.42 (1.30 to 1.55); incident CKD 1.46 (1.28 to 1.66); incident ESKD 1.44 (1.21 to 1.71); composite 1.37 (1.12 to 1.69) | 53.49% | 23.65 |
| GDF-15 | 8 | Incident CKD (3); CKD progression (2); composite (4) | 8285 | All outpatient cohorts | 2 cohorts with T2DM only, remaining 6 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.71 (1.55 to 1.90); incident CKD 1.79 (1.58 to 2.04); CKD progression 2.02 (1.49 to 2.75); composite 1.55 (1.42 to 1.69) | 25.68% | 9.42 |
| IL-6 | 8 | Incident CKD (5); incident ESKD (1); composite (2) | 21,568 | 1 clinical trial, 7 outpatient cohorts | 1 cohort with T1DM only, 1 cohort without DM, 6 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10); incident CKD 1.10 (0.94 to 1.28); incident ESKD 0.92 (0.77 to 1.09); composite 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | 38.21% | 11.33 |
| UMOD | 7 | Incident CKD (3); incident ESKD (2); composite (4) | 13,151 | All outpatient cohorts | 2 cohorts with T1DM only, 5 cohorts of mixed diabetes status | Overall 0.57 (0.43 to 0.75); incident CKD 0.41 (0.27 to 0.62); incident ESKD 0.61 (0.37 to 1.00); composite 0.70 (0.54 to 0.91) | 75.89% | 24.89 |
| Galectin-3 | 6 | Incident CKD (3); incident ESKD (2); composite (1) | 16,822 | All outpatient cohorts | 2 cohorts with T2DM only, 4 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.32 (1.11 to 1.58); incident CKD 1.38 (0.95 to 2.00); incident ESKD 1.40 (1.18 to 1.67); composite 1.19 (1.14 to 1.24) | 89.25% | 46.51 |
| Endostatin | 5 | Incident CKD (2); composite (3) | 3439 | 4 outpatient cohorts, 1 clinical trial | 3 cohorts with T2DM only, 2 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.84 (1.47 to 2.30); incident CKD 1.59 (1.33 to 1.89); composite 2.24 (1.72 to 2.91) | 50.1% | 8.02 |
| MCP-1 | 5 | Incident CKD (2); incident ESKD (1); composite (2) | 2889 | All outpatient cohorts | 1 cohort with T1DM only, 1 cohort without DM, and 3 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.24 (0.95 to 1.62); incident CKD 1.19 (0.82 to 1.74); incident ESKD 1.44 (1.17 to 1.77); composite 1.53 (0.48 to 4.92) | 81.75% | 21.92 |
| YKL-40c | 5 | Incident CKD (2); composite (3) | 3137 | 1 inpatient cohort, 4 outpatient cohorts | 1 cohort without DM, 4 cohorts of mixed DM status | Overall 1.18 (1.07 to 1.31); incident CKD; 1.11 (0.91 to 1.34) composite 1.21 (1.07 to 1.37) | 25.20% | 5.35 |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor-23; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor 15; UMOD, uromodulin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.
a
Number of studies not additive as studies may report multiple outcomes of interest.
b
Results in reference to overall pooled RR.
c
Also known as Chitinase 3-like protein 1.