Table 1. Sample provenance and sequencing summary.
| Sample | Morphological Species | Origin | Age | Sex† | Nuclear Cov. ‡ | mtDNA Cov. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direkli4 | Capra spc. | E4/8 A, Direkli Cave, Turkey | 12,164–11,864 cal BCE (2σ) | M | 2.59 | 642.23 |
| Direkli9 | Capra spc. | B6/5, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE* | M | 0.0003 | 9.5 |
| Direkli12 | Capra spc. | B13/4 A, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | M | 0.07 | 44.06 |
| Direki13 | Capra spc. | B13/7B, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | M | 0.0055 | 76.99 |
| Direkli14 | Capra spc. | D3/7, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | M | 0.0005 | 13.24 |
| Direkli15 | Capra spc. | B6/5, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | F | 0.0002 | 24.21 |
| Direkli16 | Capra spc. | B8/7, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | F | 0.01 | 15.11 |
| Direkli17 | Capra spc. | E5/5, Direkli Cave, Turkey | Est. 12,100–8,900 BCE | F | 0.0001 | 0.0845 |
| Caucasus1 | Capra caucasica | Tamara Fort, Kazbegi, Georgia | 4th-21st c. CE, probably 5th-15th c. CE | M | 0.55 | 64.63 |
| Caucasus2 | Capra caucasica | Tamara Fort, Kazbegi, Georgia | 4th-21st c. CE, probably 5th-15th c. CE | M | 0.0021 | 379.71 |
| Caucasus3 | Capra caucasica | Tamara Fort, Kazbegi, Georgia | 4th-21st c. CE, probably 5th-15th c. CE | M | 0.004 | 464.51 |
| Falconeri1 | Capra falconeri hepteneri § | Unknown, via Parc de la Haute-Touche | 20th Century CE | M | 0.58 | 72.11 |
| Falconeri2 | Capra falconeri | Born at MNHN Zoo, Paris | 20th Century CE | M | 0.06 | 45.78 |
| Ibex1 | Capra ibex | Unknown | 20th Century CE | F | 3.93 | 179.03 |
| Ibex2 | Capra ibex | Pointe de Calabre, Savoie | 20th Century CE | M | 0.05 | 21.4 |
| Sibirica1 | Capra sibirica | Born at MNHN Zoo, Paris | 20th Century CE | M | 0.04 | 163.16 |
| Sibirica2 | Capra sibirica | Born at MNHN Zoo, Paris | 20th Century CE | F | 1.48 | 205.78 |
| Tur2 | Capra cylindricornis | Unknown, via Vincennes Zoo | 20th Century CE | F | 0.02 | 4.96 |
| Walie1 | Capra walie | Born at MNHN Zoo, Paris | 20th Century CE | M | 0.75 | 103.12 |
| Pyrenaica2 | Capra pyrenaica | Unknown | 20th Century CE | M | 0.16 | 51.2 |
| Nubiana1 | Capra nubiana | Unknown | 20th Century CE | M | 1.25 | 211.32 |
*
Estimated ages for Direkli material is based on calibrated ages from the cave stratigraphy.
†
M=Male, F=Female.
‡
Cov. = coverage.
§
Falconeri1, a likely Barbary sheep (see Materials and methods).