| Andreoni and Petri (2008) |
United States |
No information (only photos of each group member are displayed on the screen, and no information on individual actions are given) and information (both the photo and the group member contribution from the previous round are displayed). The contribution is listed below each photo, and the photos are rearranged each round with the highest contributor on the left and the lowest on the right). |
In each round, one subject is endowed with 20 tokens invested in a private good or a public good. The private good pays $0.02 per token invested by the individual, and the public good pays $0.01 per token invested by the entire group. Therefore, the marginal return to investing in the public good is 0.5. Each subject is paid based on his investment in the private good and the total group investment in the public good. |
Information: $35.0 (attractive), $47.2 (middle), and $56.8 (unattractive). No-Information: $44.2 (attractive), $36.4 (middle), and $39.1(unattractive). |
Information: $26.58 (attractive), $27.19 (middle), and $28.83 (unattractive). No-Information: $26.81 (attractive), $25.04 (middle), and $23.91 (unattractive). |
| Candelo et al. (2017) |
United States |
Social identity (American, Texan, member of their neighborhood, sense of belonging, and pride in the neighborhood) and social exclusion (having a bank account, saving for retirement, having a joint account, participating in politics, voting, working, going to school, owning a home, having health insurance, and getting a loan). |
They were each given an endowment of $60 and decided how to allocate it between a private and a group account by choosing from four discrete options: put $60, 40, 20, or 0 in the private account, and the rest in the group account. Money in the group account was doubled and divided equally among the three group members (Marginal Per Capita Return = .66). Then, the three real donation tasks were designed and framed similarly to the lab VCM, except that the total amount put into the group account was doubled and sent to a local organization (health, education, and job training). |
The average unconditional giving is $27.00 (VCM), $18.21 (Education), $19.80 (Health), and $17.21 (Job training). The likelihoodofgiving is76.1,65.2,67.7, and 64.2 %, and the amount contributed conditional on giving is $35.42, 27.94, 29.26, and 26.82, respectively. |
The average earnings were $60, about the average daily wage earnings of these participants. |
