Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population: ED Evaluation
| |
Derivation cohort N = 471 |
Validation cohort N = 612 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Age, median (Q1-Q3) | 37 | (23-57) | 43 | (25-60) |
| 14-24 | 142 | (30.1) | 151 | (24.7) |
| 25-34 | 81 | (17.2) | 95 | (15.5) |
| 35-44 | 49 | (10.4) | 73 | (11.9) |
| 45-54 | 67 | (14.2) | 89 | (14.5) |
| 55-64 | 76 | (16.1) | 81 | (13.2) |
| 65-74 | 39 | (8.3) | 77 | (12.6) |
| 75-84 | 15 | (3.2) | 32 | (5.2) |
| 85+ | 2 | (0.4) | 14 | (2.3) |
| Sex (M) | 306 | (65.0) | 346 | (56.5) |
| Past medical/injury history | ||||
| History of TBI* | 166 | (35.4) | 249 | (40.7) |
| Prior TBI <1 year | 23 | (5.0) | 36 | (5.9) |
| Prior multiple TBI | 49 | (10.7) | 71 | (11.6) |
| Prior moderate/severe TBI | 19 | (4.5) | 38 | (6.4) |
| History of mental health disorder† | 131 | (28.0) | 126 | (20.6) |
| At least 3 different prescribed medications¶ | 104 | (22.4) | 136 | (22.2) |
| Evaluation in ED | ||||
| Mechanism of injury& | ||||
| Sport | 109 | (23.5) | 101 | (16.5) |
| Fall from their own height | 97 | (20.9) | 114 | (18.6) |
| Motor vehicle accident | 76 | (16.4) | 87 | (14.2) |
| Bicycle accident | 73 | (15.7) | 76 | (12.4) |
| Fall more than own height | 34 | (7.3) | 46 | (7.5) |
| Others | 75 | (16.2) | 188 | (30.7) |
| Documented loss of consciousness# | 228 | (48.7) | 289 | (47.3) |
| Unknown duration | 78 | (38.5) | 111 | (18.2) |
| < 5 min | 124 | (26.5) | 150 | (24.6) |
| ≥ 5 min | 26 | (5.6) | 28 | (4.6) |
| Unknown information | 115 | (24.6) | 100 | (16.4) |
| Documented post-traumatic amnesia¥ | 238 | (50.5) | 225 | (36.8) |
| < 30 min | 189 | (40.1) | 167 | (27.6) |
| ≥ 30 min and <3 h | 37 | (7.9) | 47 | (7.8) |
| ≥ 3 h | 12 | (2.5) | 11 | (1.8) |
| Post-traumatic confusion§ | 261 | (57.9) | 320 | (53.2) |
| Documented headache in ED‡ | 313 | (66.5) | 433 | (70.8) |
| ≤ 3 | 166 | (35.2) | 154 | (25.2) |
| 4-7 | 104 | (22.1) | 202 | (33.0) |
| 8-10 | 43 | (9.1) | 77 | (12.6) |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score at ED arrival | ||||
| 15 | 409 | (86.8) | 545 | (89.1) |
| 14 | 56 | (11.9) | 61 | (10.0) |
| 13 | 6 | (1.3) | 6 | (1.0) |
| Concomitant injuries | 278 | (60.2) | 374 | (61.1) |
| Cervical sprain | 130 | (31.9) | 158 | (25.8) |
| Hemorrhage on CT | 31 | (6.6) | 46 | (7.5) |
Missing data for derivation cohort: history of TBI (n = 2), prior TBI <1 year (n = 7), prior multiple TBI (n = 13), prior moderate/severe TBI (n = 45). Validation cohort prior moderate/severe TBI (n = 21).
Any pre-injury mental health disorder, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other psychiatric disorders (missing data for derivation cohort: n = 3).
Missing data for derivation cohort (n = 7).
Missing data for derivation cohort (n = 7).
Missing data for derivation cohort (n = 3), validation cohort (n = 1). Unknown information means that the patient was unsure if they lost consciousness and there was no witness.
Missing data for validation cohort (n = 7).
Missing data for derivation cohort (n = 20), validation cohort (n = 11).
Verbal rating scale, 0-10.
ED, emergency department; Q, quarter; M, male; TBI, traumatic brain injury; CT, computed tomography.