Table 3.
Univariate Correlation between Symptoms at 7-Days Follow-Up and PPCS
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI§ |
|---|---|---|
| Rivermead Post-concussion Questionnaire (RPQ) symptomsα | ||
| Headaches | 8.03 | 3.66-17.64 |
| Feelings of dizziness | 4.21 | 2.28-7.75 |
| Nausea and/or vomiting | 3.62 | 1.77-7.42 |
| Noise sensitivity, easily upset by loud noise | 3.83 | 2.10-6.99 |
| Sleep disturbance | 3.75 | 2.06-6.81 |
| Fatigue, tiring more easily | 6.48 | 2.69-15.65 |
| Being irritable, easily angered | 4.05 | 2.22-7.37 |
| Feeling depressed or tearful | 4.27 | 2.32-7.86 |
| Feeling frustrated or impatient | 3.89 | 2.14-7.08 |
| Forgetfulness, poor memory | 4.67 | 2.53-8.62 |
| Poor concentration | 5.54 | 2.91-10.55 |
| Taking longer to think | 4.28 | 2.32-7.89 |
| Blurred vision | 4.46 | 2.35-8.49 |
| Light sensitivity, easily upset by bright light | 6.35 | 3.42-11.82 |
| Double vision | 8.57 | 3.10-23.68 |
| Restlessness | 1.97 | 0.83-4.69 |
| Rivermead score ≥21 | 10.52 | 5.49-20.14 |
| Number of symptoms spontaneously identified by the patient† | 2.42 | 1.83-3.18 |
| Number of symptoms (≥ 2 points) on the RPQ‡ | 1.40 | 1.28-1.53 |
| Number of symptoms (≥ 3 points) on RPQ‡ | 1.45 | 1.32-1.60 |
| Cervical pain | 4.33 | 2.15-8.73 |
| Limb pain | 2.46 | 1.36-4.47 |
| Cognitive symptoms* | 5.57 | 2.62-12.61 |
α
At least 2 points.
†
Before asking questions from the Rivermead Questionnaire.
‡
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire.
*
Cognitive symptoms are defined by the following symptoms: forgetfulness/poor memory, poor concentration, taking longer to think.
§
95% Confidence interval.
PPCS, persistent post-concussion symptoms.