Table 2.
Effect sizes describing the magnitude of sex effects on facial size, shape, and form in different facial regions
| Facial region | Mean % size difference | Sex-size Cohen's D | Sex-shape R2 | Sex-form R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full | 7.3 | 2.17 | 0.06 | 0.30 |
| Forehead | 6.0 | 1.54 | 0.04 | 0.27 |
| Brow | 6.8 | 1.64 | 0.10 | 0.29 |
| Nose | 8.5 | 1.91 | 0.06 | 0.22 |
| Cheek | 7.4 | 1.96 | 0.05 | 0.27 |
| Lips | 8.0 | 1.49 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
| Chin | 9.4 | 1.98 | 0.03 | 0.25 |
| Jaw | 7.7 | 2.00 | 0.06 | 0.32 |
| Midline sagittal curve | 7.4 | 1.78 | 0.05 | 0.28 |
| Nasion axial curve | 9.0 | 1.18 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
| Pronasale axial curve | 11.1 | 2.13 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
| Nose sagittal curve | 5.9 | 0.97 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Brow sagittal curve | 6.8 | 1.41 | 0.13 | 0.23 |
The effect of sex is highly significant (p < 0.0001) in terms of size, shape, and form in every listed facial region and curve.