Table 1.
Summary of LIPUS studies on implant osseointegration and peri-implant bone regeneration.
| Studies | Animal models | Titanium implants | LIPUS parameters | Time of stimulation | Major conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ustun et al. [27] | New Zealand rabbits Tibiae |
Length: 6.0 mm Diameter: 4.1 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 30 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz |
20 min/day for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks | LIPUS may have positive effects on osseointegration and stability of dental implants |
| Kang et al. [28] | Mongrel dogs Mandibular bone |
Length: 8.5 mm Diameter: 3.3 mm |
Intensity: 240 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 3.0 MHz |
15 min/day for 1 week | LIPUS may have a positive effect on osseointegration and stability of dental implants, especially in early healing periods |
| Zhou et al. [29] | SD rats Tibiae |
Length: 4.0 mm Diameter: 2.0 mm Pitch: 0.6 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 30 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz |
20 min/day for 4, 8, and 12 weeks | LIPUS therapy may accelerate the bone healing and osseointegration at the interlace between titanium implant and bone and promote remodeling of bone trabecula in the early stage |
| Nakanishi et al. [30] | Japanese white rabbits Femur |
Length: 10 mm Diameter: 3.3 mm |
Intensity: 40 mW/cm2 or 100 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1 MHz or 3 MHz |
20 min/day for 2 weeks | Clinical application of LIPUS for dental implants may promote osseointegration |
| Hsu et al. [31] | New Zealand rabbits Tibiae |
Length: 8 mm Diameter: 3.6 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 50, 150, and 300 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1 MHz |
10 min/day for 30 days | LIPUS at 0.05–0.3 W/cm2 intensity may accelerate cell proliferation and promote the maturation of collagen fibers and support osteointegration |
| Liu et al. [32] | New Zealand rabbits Femur and tibiae |
Length: 18 mm Diameter: 2.5 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 40 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz |
10 min twice a day (total 20 min) for 3 weeks | LIPUS has the potential to accelerate the osseointegration of dental implants |
| Zhou et al. [33] | Ovariectomized SD rats Tibiae |
Length: 4.0 mm Diameter: 2.0 mm Pitch: 0.6 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 40 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz |
20 min/day for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks | LIPUS may enhance new bone formation, especially in an early stage, and improve osseointegration in osteoporotic bone as an auxiliary method |
| Ruppert et al. [34] | SD rats Femur |
Length: 20 mm Diameter: 1.5 mm |
Intensity: 30 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz |
20 min/day for 4 and 8 weeks, 5 days per week | LIPUS is superior to vibration for accelerating osseointegration and increasing bone–implant failure loads at 4 weeks |
| Jiang et al. [24] |
αCGRP+/+ and αCGRP−/− mice Maxillary first molar extraction sockets |
Length: 1 mm Diameter: 0.6 mm Screw-shaped |
Intensity: 30 mW/cm2 (/SATA) Pulse frequency: 1 MHz |
20 min/day for 2 and 4 weeks | LIPUS can enhance osseointegration of dental implant by inducing local neuronal production of αCGRP, providing a new idea to promote peri-implant osseointegration and bone regeneration |
CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; SATA: spatial average temporal average; SD: Sprague–Dawley.