Table 4.
Comparison of characteristic between ASD and non-ASD patients
| Variable | ASD | Non-ASD | Crude OR
(95% CI) |
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)a |
P-value | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 185
(55.9) |
146
(44.1) |
2.67
(1.69–4.23)*** |
1.95
(1.12–3.39) |
0.017 | |||
| Female | 35
(32.1) |
74
(67.9) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Age group (years old) | ||||||||
| 0–4 | 165
(65.0) |
89
(35.0) |
4.41
(2.93–6.63)*** |
2.98
(1.82–4.87) |
<0.001 | |||
| 5–12 | 55
(29.6) |
131
(70.4) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Residence | ||||||||
| Phnom Penh | 141
(57.6) |
104
(42.4) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Province | 79
(40.5) |
116
(59.5) |
0.50
(0.34–0.73)*** |
0.89
(0.54–1.46) |
0.657 | |||
| Birth weight (n = 412) | ||||||||
| ≥ 2,500g | 193
(52.7) |
173
(47.3) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| < 2,500g | 20
(43.5) |
26
(56.5) |
0.69
(0.37–1.27) |
0.74
(0.35–1.54) |
0.430 | |||
| Mode of delivery (n = 423) | ||||||||
| Normal delivery | 78
(66.1) |
40
(33.9) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Instrumental | 9
(37.5) |
15
(62.5) |
0.30
(0.12–0.76)* |
0.41
(0.14–1.24) |
0.118 | |||
| Cesarean section | 129
(45.9) |
152
(54.1) |
0.43
(0.27–0.68)*** |
0.72
(0.42–1.24) |
0.242 | |||
| Place of delivery (n = 440) | ||||||||
| Health center/home | 15
(24.6) |
46
(75.4) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Hospital/private clinic | 205
(54.1) |
174
(45.9) |
3.61
(1.95–6.69)*** |
1.52
(0.62–3.68) |
0.352 | |||
| Crying at birth (n = 422) | ||||||||
| Immediately | 201
(52.3) |
183
(47.7) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Delay | 14
(36.8) |
24
(63.1) |
0.53
(0.26–1.05) |
0.62
(0.26–1.44) |
0.266 | |||
| Multiple birth (n = 423) | ||||||||
| Singleton | 215
(51.3) |
204
(48.7) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Multiple | 1
(25.0) |
3
(75.0) |
0.31
(0.03–3.06) |
0.62
(0.03–11.74) |
0.751 | |||
| Family history of mental health (n = 421) | ||||||||
| No | 162
(50.2) |
161
(49.8) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Yes | 53
(54.1) |
45
(45.9) |
1.17
(0.74–1.84) |
1.04
(0.61–1.78) |
0.872 | |||
| Problem during pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 209
(51.7) |
195
(48.3) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Yes | 6
(35.3) |
11
(64.7) |
0.50
(0.18–1.40) |
0.42
(0.12–1.39) |
0.159 | |||
| Neonatal jaundice (n = 419) | ||||||||
| No | 207
(50.7) |
201
(49.3) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Yes | 7
(63.6) |
4
(36.4) |
1.69
(0.49–5.89) |
1.18
(0.31–4.50) |
0.801 | |||
| Father’s age at birth (years old) (n = 417) | ||||||||
| < 30 | 37
(50.0) |
37
(50.0) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| 30–39 | 154
(54.6) |
128
(45.4) |
1.20
0.72–2.00) |
1.17
(0.61–2.22) |
0.622 | |||
| > 39 | 23
(37.7) |
38
(62.3) |
0.60
(0.30–1.20) |
0.67
(0.26–1.72) |
0.405 | |||
| Father’s education (n = 417) | ||||||||
| Up to high school | 75
(36.2) |
132
(63.8) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| University | 139
(66.2) |
71
(33.8) |
3.44
(2.30 – 5.15)*** |
1.73
(0.99–3.03) |
0.054 | |||
| Father’s job (n = 417) | ||||||||
| Farmer/worker/ small business | 92
(42.2) |
126
(57.8) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Business/government staff/NGO | 122
(61.3) |
77
(38.7) |
2.17
(1.46–3.21)*** |
1.52
(0.90–2.54) |
0.112 | |||
| Mother’s age at birth (years old) (n = 423) | ||||||||
| < 30 | 108
(56.8) |
82
(43.2) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| 30–39 | 100
(47.6) |
110
(52.4) |
0.69
(0.46–1.02) |
1.16
(0.68–1.99) |
0.575 | |||
| > 39 | 7
(30.4) |
16
(69.6) |
0.33
(0.13–0.84) |
2.19
(0.59–8.13) |
0.238 | |||
| Mother’s education (n = 423) | ||||||||
| Up to high school | 103
(39.6) |
157
(60.4) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| University | 112
(68.7) |
51
(31.3) |
3.34
(2.21–5.06)*** |
1.68
(0.96–2.93) |
0.065 | |||
| Mother’s job (n = 423) | ||||||||
| Farmer/worker/small business | 133
(47.2) |
149
(52.8) |
1
(Reference) |
1
(Reference) |
||||
| Business/government staff/NGO | 82
(58.2) |
59
(41.8) |
1.55
(1.03–2.34)* |
0.86
(0.49–1.49) |
0.596 | |||
ASD: autism syndrome disorder
n: number
OR: odds ratio
CI: confidence interval
NGO: non-government organization
aAdjusted for all variables.
*P <0.05, ***P<0.001.