Table 3.

Associations between premature all-cause mortality according to tertile of serum carotenoid level (Men)

			Crude		Adjusted a
		Case/Control	OR (95% CI)	trend p	OR (95% CI)	trend p
Zeaxanthin/Lutein	Low	18/38	Reference	0.69	Reference	0.68
	Middle	27/38	1.50 (0.71–3.20)		2.47 (1.05–6.08)
	High	15/38	0.83 (0.36–1.89)		1.25 (0.50–3.13)
Canthaxanthin	Low	22/37	Reference	0.95	Reference	0.95
	Middle	16/38	0.71 (0.32–1.55)		0.69 (0.29–1.63)
	High	22/38	0.97 (0.46–2.05)		1.02 (0.43–2.46)
β-cryptoxanthin	Low	36/38	Reference	0.003	Reference	<0.001
	Middle	12/38	0.33 (0.15–0.72)		0.21 (0.08–0.53)
	High	12/38	0.33 (0.15–0.72)		0.19 (0.07–0.47)
Lycopene	Low	28/40	Reference	0.21	Reference	0.47
	Middle	14/36	0.56 (0.25–1.20)		0.71 (0.29–1.70)
	High	17/38	0.64 (0.30–1.34)		0.75 (0.32–1.74)
α-carotene	Low	28/39	Reference	0.06	Reference	0.07
	Middle	20/39	0.71 (0.34–1.47)		0.69 (0.30–1.54)
	High	12/36	0.46 (0.20–1.03)		0.43 (0.17–1.07)
β-carotene	Low	30/38	Reference	0.06	Reference	0.18
	Middle	13/38	0.43 (0.19–0.94)		0.52 (0.21–1.22)
	High	15/38	0.50 (0.23–1.06)		0.58 (0.24–1.36)
Total carotene	Low	31/38	Reference	0.04	Reference	0.09
	Middle	13/38	0.42 (0.19–0.91)		0.46 (0.19–1.09)
	High	15/38	0.48 (0.22–1.03)		0.48 (0.20–1.14)
Xanthophylls	Low	21/38	Reference	0.29	Reference	0.61
	Middle	26/38	1.24 (0.60–2.58)		1.38 (0.62–3.10)
	High	13/38	0.62 (0.27–1.40)		0.76 (0.30–1.86)
Provitamin A	Low	34/38	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.002
	Middle	15/38	0.44 (0.20–0.93)		0.41 (0.18–0.94)
	High	9/38	0.26 (0.11–0.61)		0.24 (0.09–0.61)
Total carotenoid	Low	25/38	Reference	0.20	Reference	0.41
	Middle	19/38	0.76 (0.36–1.60)		0.78 (0.34–1.76)
	High	15/38	0.60 (0.27–1.30)		0.70 (0.29–1.67)

^aAdjustment for age, study site, years of education, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, and leisure-time exercise.

CI: confidence intervals

OR: odds ratio