Table 4.

Associations between premature all-cause mortality according to tertile of serum carotenoid level (Women)

			Crude		Adjusted a
		Case/Control	OR (95% CI)	trend p	OR (95% CI)	trend p
Zeaxanthin/Lutein	Low	31/68	Reference	0.09	Reference	0.62
	Middle	16/71	0.49 (0.24–0.97)		0.55 (0.26–1.14)
	High	18/68	0.58 (0.29–1.13)		0.88 (0.41–1.85)
Canthaxanthin	Low	24/69	Reference	0.67	Reference	0.34
	Middle	15/73	0.59 (0.28–1.21)		0.64 (0.29–1.36)
	High	26/65	1.15 (0.60–2.21)		1.46 (0.72–3.01)
β-cryptoxanthin	Low	18/68	Reference	0.04	Reference	0.05
	Middle	13/71	0.69 (0.31–1.51)		0.65 (0.28–1.50)
	High	34/68	1.89 (0.98–3.72)		1.94 (1.00–4.03)
Lycopene	Low	22/68	Reference	0.59	Reference	0.87
	Middle	24/71	1.04 (0.54–2.05)		1.09 (0.53–2.25)
	High	18/68	0.82 (0.40–1.66)		1.06 (0.48–2.35)
α-carotene	Low	24/69	Reference	0.37	Reference	0.47
	Middle	24/70	0.99 (0.51–1.90)		0.84 (0.41–1.73)
	High	17/68	0.72 (0.35–1.45)		0.76 (0.35–1.62)
β-carotene	Low	26/68	Reference	0.23	Reference	0.84
	Middle	22/71	0.81 (0.42–1.56)		0.78 (0.38–1.60)
	High	17/68	0.65 (0.32–1.30)		0.95 (0.44–2.05)
Total carotene	Low	25/68	Reference	0.22	Reference	0.67
	Middle	24/71	0.92 (0.48–1.77)		0.93 (0.46–1.89)
	High	16/68	0.64 (0.31–1.29)		0.84 (0.38–1.85)
Xanthophylls	Low	19/68	Reference	0.89	Reference	0.34
	Middle	26/71	1.31 (0.67–2.61)		1.38 (0.66–2.90)
	High	20/68	1.05 (0.52–2.16)		1.45 (0.67–3.17)
Provitamin A	Low	18/68	Reference	0.42	Reference	0.18
	Middle	23/71	1.22 (0.61–2.49)		1.28 (0.60–2.79)
	High	24/68	1.33 (0.67–2.71)		1.70 (0.79–3.76)
Total carotenoid	Low	21/69	Reference	0.62	Reference	0.62
	Middle	27/60	1.27 (0.66–2.47)		1.30 (0.63–2.68)
	High	17/68	0.82 (0.40–1.69)		1.20 (0.54–2.64)

^aAdjustment for age, study site, years of education, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, and leisure-time exercise.

CI: confidence intervals

OR: odds ratio