Table 5.

Associations between premature cancer mortality according to tertile of serum carotenoid level (Men)

			Crude		Adjusted a
		Case/Control	OR (95% CI)	trend p	OR (95% CI)	trend p
Zeaxanthin/Lutein	Low	8/38	Reference	0.84	Reference	0.51
	Middle	17/38	2.13 (0.84–5.76)		4.51 (1.46–15.79)
	High	7/38	0.88 (0.28–2.67)		1.59 (0.45–5.82)
Canthaxanthin	Low	11/37	Reference	0.89	Reference	0.68
	Middle	9/38	0.80 (0.29–2.14)		0.80 (0.26–2.43)
	High	12/38	1.06 (0.42–2.74)		1.28 (0.42–4.02)
β-cryptoxanthin	Low	18/38	Reference	0.02	Reference	0.001
	Middle	9/38	0.50 (0.19–1.23)		0.34 (0.10–1.01)
	High	5/38	0.28 (0.08–0.78)		0.10 (0.02–0.37)
Lycopene	Low	18/40	Reference	0.08	Reference	0.19
	Middle	6/36	0.37 (0.12–0.99)		0.46 (0.14–1.39)
	High	8/36	0.47 (0.17–1.17)		0.51 (0.17–1.49)
α-carotene	Low	15/39	Reference	0.24	Reference	0.31
	Middle	9/39	0.60 (0.23–1.51)		0.47 (0.16–1.36)
	High	8/36	0.58 (0.21–1.50)		0.60 (0.18–1.91)
β-carotene	Low	16/38	Reference	0.13	Reference	0.44
	Middle	7/38	0.44 (0.15–1.15)		0.52 (0.16–1.55)
	High	8/38	0.50 (0.18–1.28)		0.68 (0.21–2.10)
Total carotene	Low	17/38	Reference	0.09	Reference	0.22
	Middle	7/38	0.41 (0.14–1.07)		0.43 (0.13–1.29)
	High	8/38	0.47 (0.17–1.19)		0.51 (0.15–1.59)
Xanthophylls	Low	12/38	Reference	0.17	Reference	0.38
	Middle	15/38	1.25 (0.52–3.06)		1.31 (0.49–3.60)
	High	5/38	0.42 (0.12–1.24)		0.51 (0.14–1.72)
Provitamin A	Low	18/38	Reference	0.01	Reference	0.02
	Middle	8/38	0.44 (0.16–1.12)		0.37 (0.12–1.09)
	High	5/38	0.28 (0.08–0.78)		0.26 (0.07–0.85)
Total carotenoid	Low	13/38	Reference	0.45	Reference	0.89
	Middle	10/38	0.77 (0.29–1.96)		0.76 (0.25–2.24)
	High	9/38	0.69 (0.26–1.80)		0.93 (0.30–2.92)

^aAdjustment for age, study site, years of education, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, and leisure-time exercise.

CI: confidence intervals

OR: odds ratio