Table 6.

Associations between premature cancer mortality according to tertile of serum carotenoid level (Women)

			Crude		Adjusted a
		Case/Control	OR (95% CI)	trend p	OR (95% CI)	trend p
Zeaxanthin/Lutein	Low	19/68	Reference	0.52	Reference	0.66
	Middle	13/71	0.66 (0.29–1.42)		0.73 (0.31–1.67)
	High	15/68	0.79 (0.37–1.68)		1.25 (0.53–2.94)
Canthaxanthin	Low	18/69	Reference	0.76	Reference	0.31
	Middle	10/73	0.53 (0.22–1.20)		0.55 (0.22–1.33)
	High	19/65	1.12 (0.54–2.33)		1.58 (0.70–3.61)
β-cryptoxanthin	Low	10/68	Reference	0.005	Reference	0.004
	Middle	9/71	0.86 (0.32–2.27)		0.82 (0.29–2.27)
	High	28/68	2.80 (1.30–6.47)		3.23 (1.40–8.03)
Lycopene	Low	16/68	Reference	0.74	Reference	0.51
	Middle	17/71	1.02 (0.47–2.19)		1.09 (0.48–2.49)
	High	14/68	0.87 (0.39–1.93)		1.36 (0.56–3.36)
α-carotene	Low	17/69	Reference	0.65	Reference	0.84
	Middle	16/70	0.93 (0.43–1.99)		0.85 (0.37–1.92)
	High	14/68	0.84 (0.38–1.83)		0.92 (0.39–2.17)
β-carotene	Low	20/68	Reference	0.26	Reference	0.91
	Middle	14/71	0.67 (0.31–1.42)		0.67 (0.29–1.52)
	High	13/68	0.65 (0.29–1.40)		1.00 (0.42–2.36)
Total carotene	Low	19/68	Reference	0.26	Reference	0.84
	Middle	16/71	0.81 (0.38–1.70)		0.80 (0.35–1.79)
	High	12/68	0.63 (0.28–1.39)		0.94 (0.39–2.25)
Xanthophylls	Low	11/68	Reference	0.33	Reference	0.07
	Middle	19/71	1.65 (0.74–3.84)		1.81 (0.77–4.49)
	High	17/68	1.55 (0.68–3.63)		2.35 (0.96–6.01)
Provitamin A	Low	13/68	Reference	0.33	Reference	0.09
	Middle	15/71	1.11 (0.49–2.52)		1.14 (0.47–2.82)
	High	19/68	1.46 (0.67–3.25)		2.11 (0.89–5.23)
Total carotenoid	Low	15/69	Reference	0.97	Reference	0.29
	Middle	17/70	1.12 (0.52–2.44)		1.08 (0.47–2.53)
	High	15/68	1.01 (0.46–2.25)		1.64 (0.68–4.01)

^aAdjustment for age, study site, years of education, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, and leisure-time exercise.

CI: confidence intervals

OR: odds ratio