Table 3.
Child Opportunity Index Raw Score Indicators by Domains for Children with Acute Respiratory Failure Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation by Hot Spot Residence
| Patients Residing in a Hot Spota | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n = 3174 |
Yes n = 340 |
|||
| Characteristic | Median | Q1, Q3 | Median | Q1, Q3 |
| Education | ||||
| Early Childhood Education Centersb | 3.66 | 2.79, 4.41 | 4.56**** | 3.76, 4.95 |
| High Quality Early Childhood Education Centersb | 0.16 | −2.51, 1.38 | 1.56**** | 0.00, 2.30 |
| Early Childhood Education Enrollmentc | 49.90 | 33.90, 67.10 | 44.30**** | 24.40, 61.40 |
| Third Grade Reading Proficiencyd | 195.25 | 137.45, 246.67 | 114.59**** | 82.70, 166.10 |
| Third Grade Math Proficiencyd | 211.98 | 148.72, 267.07 | 121.83**** | 97.71, 201.15 |
| High School Graduation Rate | 78.65 | 68.98, 85.36 | 73.87**** | 67.02, 81.24 |
| Advanced Placement Course Enrollmentd | 0.50 | 0.37, 0.65 | 0.39**** | 0.31, 0.51 |
| College Enrollment in Nearby Institutions | 39.16 | 36.12, 41.62 | 40.23**** | 36.93, 42.98 |
| School Povertyd | 70.91 | 51.88, 89.42 | 94.19**** | 77.20, 99.22 |
| Teacher Experienced | 9.38 | 5.31, 16.06 | 15.22**** | 8.05, 20.97 |
| Adult Educational Attainment | 24.73 | 16.29, 35.65 | 19.80**** | 12.83, 25.60 |
| Health and Environment | ||||
| Access to healthy food | 3.44 | 1.44, 6.05 | 7.37**** | 3.38, 15.76 |
| Access to green space | 14.60 | 5.20, 23.20 | 19.70**** | 14.10, 28.30 |
| Walkability | 7.04 | 5.62, 8.59 | 9.31**** | 6.24, 11.73 |
| Housing vacancy rate | 8.33 | 5.43, 12.28 | 14.00**** | 8.54, 19.05 |
| Hazardous waste dump sites | −13.82 | −13.82, −13.82 | −13.82 | −13.82, −13.82 |
| Industrial pollutants in air, water, or soil | 8.88 | 7.48, 9.55 | 9.56**** | 9.22, 9.97 |
| Airborne microparticles, PM2.5 | 11.10 | 10.79, 11.33 | 11.45**** | 11.22, 11.54 |
| Ozone Concentrations | 38.41 | 38.18, 38.71 | 38.11**** | 37.93, 38.36 |
| Extreme Heat Exposure, summer days | 59.00 | 53.00, 63.67 | 59.67**** | 58.00, 61.33 |
| Health Insurance Coverage | 83.49 | 77.66, 88.50 | 78.84**** | 74.40, 85.18 |
| Social and Economic | ||||
| Employment rate | 77.00 | 71.64, 81.06 | 72.50**** | 64.85, 76.77 |
| Commute duration > 1h one-way | 32.54 | 24.00, 40.65 | 23.59**** | 17.46, 31.02 |
| Poverty rate | 15.47 | 9.12, 23.66 | 22.67**** | 14.20, 34.15 |
| Public assistance rate | 14.68 | 7.73, 22.84 | 22.23**** | 12.96, 34.91 |
| Homeownership rate | 66.51 | 45.70, 80.27 | 47.47**** | 34.67, 66.55 |
| High-skill employment | 11.96 | 7.27, 16.36 | 13.49** | 9.08, 16.95 |
| Median household income | 52,705 | 40,685; 69,737 | 37,311**** | 30,497; 50,142 |
| Single-headed households | 36.89 | 24.24, 52.95 | 58.67**** | 37.43, 76.34 |
| Overall Percentile Ranking Summary by Domain e | ||||
| Domain 1: Education | 49 | 23, 72 | 16**** | 6, 31 |
| Domain 2: Health and Environment | 49 | 24, 72 | 16**** | 4.75, 41.25 |
| Domain 3: Social and Economic | 49 | 24, 71 | 16**** | 6, 43 |
| Overall Percentile Ranking (scale: 1 – 100) | 48 | 24, 72 | 14**** | 4, 42 |
a
Hotspot is a census tract ranked at or above the 90th percentile for the highest number of children admitted to intensive care with acute respiratory failure per 1000 children living in the census tract
b
Missing n = 1 sex for the Patients Residing in a Hot Spot: No
c
Hospital Admission Rate is the number of children admitted to intensive care for acute respiratory failure living in a census tract per 1000 children living in the census tract; this is how hotspots were defined.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.0001 Chi-squared test