. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Occup Environ Med. 2022 Jul 19;64(10):831–838. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002607

Table 6.

Associations of work exposure to combinations of two toxicants (lead, solvents, and pesticides/herbicides) and for physical activity (O*NET measure) on estimated marginal means for sperm concentration. Significance values versus an unexposed referent group for toxicant exposures.

Exposure at Work (n)	Mean (x 10⁶)	Std. Error	95% CI		Sig.
	Mean (x 10⁶)	Std. Error	Lower	Upper	Sig.
Lead and Solvent exposure (12)	52.0	6.22	39.8	64.2	0.001
Lead exposure only (6)	58.2	26.6	6.0	110.4	NS
Solvent exposure only (88)	76.8	5.4	66.1	87.4	NS
Unexposed (referent) (534)	80.6	2.6	75.5	85.7	REF

Lead and Pesticide/Herbicide exposure (0)	-	-	-	-	-
Lead exposure only (6)	58.2	26.6	6.0	110.4	NS
Pesticide/Herbicide exposure only (15)	74.1	10.7	53.1	95.2	NS
Unexposed (referent) (534)	80.6	2.6	75.5	85.7	REF

Solvent and Pesticide/Herbicide exposure (12)	74.7	12.4	50.3	99.0	NS
Solvent exposure only (88)	76.8	5.4	66.1	87.4	NS
Pesticide/Herbicide exposure only (15)	74.1	10.7	53.1	95.2	NS
Unexposed (referent) (534)	80.6	2.6	75.5	85.7	REF

Physical activity (by O*NET)	Mean (x 10⁶)	Std. Error	95% CI		Sig.
	Mean (x 10⁶)	Std. Error	Lower	Upper	Sig.
High n= 118	77.7	4.6	68.6	86.8	NS
Medium n= 156	75.0	4.8	65.7	84.4	NS
Low n= 391	82.8	3.1	76.6	88.9	REF