Table 2.
Association between concurrent changes in CQI and fat distribution (z-scores) during follow-up.
| Continuous | Tertiles of increment in CQI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CQI (per 3-point increment) | T1 (low) |
T2 (medium) |
T3 (high) |
|||
| β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | p for trend | |
| Visceral fat z-score | ||||||
| Minimally-adjusted | −0.073 (−0.094; −0.052) | <0.001 | reference | −0.062 (−0.109; −0.015) | −0.170 (−0.225; −0.116) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | −0.067 (−0.088; −0.046) | <0.001 | reference | −0.057 (−0.104; −0.010) | −0.155 (−0.209; −0.100) | <0.001 |
| Android-to-gynoid fat ratio z-score | ||||||
| Minimally-adjusted | −0.039 (−0.060; −0.018) | <0.001 | reference | −0.041 (−0.087; 0.005) | −0.064 (−0.117; −0.010) | 0.031 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | −0.038 (−0.059; −0.017) | <0.001 | reference | −0.041 (−0.087; 0.006) | −0.060 (−0.114; −0.005) | 0.047 |
| Total fat mass z-score | ||||||
| Minimally-adjusted | −0.069 (−0.086; −0.053) | <0.001 | reference | −0.083 (−0.119; −0.048) | −0.165 (−0.207; −0.124) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | −0.064 (−0.080; −0.047) | <0.001 | reference | −0.077 (−0.113; −0.041) | −0.152 (−0.194; −0.110) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CQI – carbohydrate quality index.
Visceral fat (g), android-to-gynoid fat ratio, and total fat mass (% of DXA-derived total body mass (sum of total bone, fat and muscle mass)) were normalized into sex-specific z-scores for analysis.
Analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts at recruiting center, cluster family and patient level. Minimally adjusted model was adjusted for age, sex, study arm and follow-up time. Multivariable-adjusted model was further adjusted for baseline variables, such as educational level, marital status, smoking habits, type 2 diabetes prevalence, height, as well as repeatedly measured physical activity, sedentary behavior, total energy and alcohol intake.
In the continuous model, beta represents changes in adiposity indicators expressed as sex-specific z-scores, associated with 3-point increment in CQI. In the categorical model, beta represents changes in adiposity indicators expressed as sex-specific z-scores in each sex-specific tertile of CQI versus tertile 1 (reference category).