. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Med Res Opin. 2022 Aug 9;38(10):1715–1725. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2103962

Table 3–1.

Racial/Ethnic Disparity Patterns in Medication Therapy Management Enrollment among Medicare Beneficiaries with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.

Characteristics	Total Study Sample (Years 2013 & 2014)		Total Study Sample (Years 2016 & 2017)		Cohort with Diabetes (Years 2013 & 2014)		Cohort with Diabetes (Years 2016 & 2017)

	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval
Predisposing Factors
Race/Ethnicity
Blacks	0.85	0.80–0.89	0.91	0.86–0.97	0.72	0.68–0.77	0.75	0.71–0.80
Hispanics	1.35	1.11–1.64	1.29	1.15–1.45	1.11	0.92–1.33	1.02	0.91–1.14
Asians/Pacific Islanders	1.31	1.17–1.47	1.40	1.27–1.54	1.05	0.94–1.18	1.099	1.003–1.206
Other	1.02	0.92–1.13	1.17	1.04–1.32	0.90	0.81–1.01	1.05	0.94–1.17
Age	0.962	0.961–0.964	0.960	0.959–0.962	0.966	0.964–0.968	0.963	0.962–0.965
Male	0.83	0.81–0.85	0.88	0.86–0.90	0.82	0.80–0.84	0.87	0.85–0.89
Proportion of Married-Couple Families^a	1.05	0.66–1.67	1.07	0.70–1.63	1.15	0.70–1.88	1.08	0.72–1.62
Proportion with Education ≥ High School^a	0.50	0.21–1.19	0.18	0.09–0.37	1.12	0.46–2.75	0.51	0.28–0.94
Per Capita Income (in $1,000) ^a	0.9980	0.9964–0.9996	0.998	0.996–0.999	0.9981	0.9965–0.9997	0.9984	0.9970–0.9998
Proportion with No Health Insurance^a	1.04	0.38–2.88	0.39	0.23–0.64	0.98	0.32–2.98	0.48	0.28–0.84
Enabling Factors
Metropolitan Statistical Area^a	1.01	0.97–1.06	1.03	0.99–1.07	0.98	0.94–1.03	0.98	0.94–1.03
Health Professional Shortage Area^a	0.95	0.91–0.99	0.96	0.91–1.01	0.9499	0.9026–0.9998	0.95	0.89–1.01
Census Regions^a
Midwest	1.17	1.07–1.27	1.12	1.03–1.21	1.20	1.08–1.33	1.18	1.08–1.29
South	1.13	1.06–1.21	1.05	0.98–1.13	1.16	1.08–1.25	1.12	1.04–1.20
West	0.93	0.82–1.05	0.81	0.72–0.92	1.01	0.90–1.14	0.95	0.85–1.06
Need Factor
Risk Adjustment Summary Score	1.32	1.31–1.34	1.36	1.35–1.37	1.18	1.17–1.19	1.21	1.20–1.22
Year 2014 (compared to 2013)	1.26	1.22–1.30			1.23	1.18–1.28
Year 2017 (compared to 2016)			0.89	0.87–0.91			0.95	0.92–0.97

Reference groups: non-Hispanic Whites, female, non-metropolitan statistical area, non-Health Professional Shortage Area, Northeast Census Region.

Community-level characteristic.