. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Med Res Opin. 2022 Aug 9;38(10):1715–1725. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2103962

Table 3–2.

Racial/Ethnic Disparity Patterns in Enrollment in Medication Therapy Management among Medicare Beneficiaries with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.

	Cohort with Hypertension (Years 2013 & 2014)		Cohort with Hypertension (Years 2016 & 2017)		Cohort with Hyperlipidemia (Years 2013 & 2014)		Cohort with Hyperlipidemia (Years 2016 & 2017)

Characteristics	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval
Predisposing Factors
Race/Ethnicity
Blacks	0.81	0.77–0.85	0.87	0.82–0.92	0.87	0.83–0.93	0.93	0.88–0.99
Hispanics	1.33	1.10–1.61	1.27	1.13–1.42	1.35	1.11–1.63	1.29	1.15–1.44
Asians/Pacific Islanders	1.27	1.14–1.42	1.37	1.25–1.51	1.26	1.11–1.43	1.34	1.21–1.48
Other	1.02	0.93–1.13	1.18	1.06–1.32	1.07	0.98–1.17	1.22	1.10–1.35
Age	0.959	0.958–0.961	0.957	0.956–0.958	0.966	0.965–0.968	0.962	0.961–0.963
Male	0.83	0.81–0.85	0.88	0.86–0.90	0.82	0.80–0.84	0.87	0.85–0.89
Proportion of Married-Couple Families^a	1.11	0.70–1.74	1.08	0.72–1.63	0.95	0.60–1.52	0.93	0.61–1.41
Proportion with Education ≥ High School^a	0.61	0.26–1.40	0.23	0.12–0.44	0.61	0.26–1.41	0.27	0.14–0.53
Per Capita Income (in $1,000) ^a	0.9983	0.9967–0.9999	0.998	0.997–0.999	0.998	0.996–0.999	0.998	0.996–0.999
Proportion with No Health Insurance^a	1.04	0.38–2.84	0.41	0.25–0.68	0.78	0.29–2.11	0.39	0.24–0.65
Enabling Factors
Metropolitan Statistical Area^a	1.002	0.963–1.044	1.02	0.98–1.06	0.97	0.93–1.01	0.98	0.94–1.02
Health Professional Shortage Area^a	0.953	0.912–0.996	0.96	0.91–1.01	0.94	0.90–0.98	0.96	0.91–1.01
Census Regions^a
Midwest	1.16	1.07–1.27	1.11	1.03–1.21	1.19	1.08–1.30	1.13	1.04–1.23
South	1.12	1.05–1.19	1.04	0.97–1.12	1.16	1.08–1.24	1.06	0.99–1.14
West	0.96	0.85–1.08	0.84	0.74–0.94	0.996	0.883–1.124	0.87	0.77–0.98
Need Factor
Risk Adjustment Summary Score	1.29	1.28–1.30	1.32	1.31–1.34	1.30	1.29–1.31	1.34	1.32–1.35
Year 2014 (compared to 2013)	1.26	1.22–1.30			1.23	1.19–1.28
Year 2017 (compared to 2016)			0.89	0.87–0.91			0.88	0.86–0.91

Reference groups: non-Hispanic Whites, female, non-metropolitan statistical area, non-Health Professional Shortage Area, and Northeast Census Region.

Community-level characteristic.