. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Med Res Opin. 2022 Aug 9;38(10):1715–1725. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2103962

Table 4.

Changes in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Enrollment in Medication Therapy Management among Medicare Beneficiaries with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias across Time Periods.

Characteristics	Total Study Sample		Cohort with Diabetes		Cohort with Hypertension		Cohort with Hyperlipidemia

	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval
Predisposing Factors
Race/Ethnicity
Blacks	0.83	0.79–0.88	0.72	0.68–0.76	0.80	0.76–0.84	0.86	0.81–0.91
Hispanics	1.38	1.11–1.70	1.12	0.92–1.38	1.35	1.09–1.67	1.37	1.11–1.68
Asians/Pacific Islanders	1.33	1.18–1.49	1.06	0.94–1.18	1.29	1.15–1.44	1.27	1.13–1.44
Other	1.03	0.93–1.13	0.91	0.81–1.01	1.03	0.93–1.13	1.07	0.98–1.17
Age	0.961	0.960–0.962	0.965	0.964–0.966	0.958	0.957–0.959	0.964	0.963–0.965
Male	0.85	0.84–0.87	0.84	0.83–0.86	0.85	0.84–0.87	0.84	0.83–0.86
Proportion of Married-Couple Families^a	1.04	0.67–1.61	1.10	0.71–1.72	1.08	0.70–1.64	0.93	0.60–1.43
Proportion with Education ≥ High School^a	0.27	0.13–0.56	0.66	0.33–1.32	0.33	0.16–0.67	0.37	0.18–0.74
Per Capita Income (in $1,000) ^a	0.998	0.997–0.999	0.9983	0.9969–0.9997	0.9982	0.9969–0.9995	0.998	0.996–0.999
Proportion with No Health Insurance^a	0.36	0.19–0.71	0.40	0.20–0.81	0.37	0.19–0.71	0.33	0.17–0.62
Enabling Factors
Metropolitan Statistical Area^a	1.02	0.98–1.06	0.98	0.95–1.02	1.01	0.97–1.05	0.97	0.94–1.01
Health Professional Shortage Area^a	0.9588	0.9194–0.9999	0.956	0.914–1.001	0.963	0.925–1.004	0.95	0.92–0.99
Census Regions^a
Midwest	1.16	1.07–1.25	1.20	1.10–1.31	1.15	1.06–1.25	1.17	1.08–1.27
South	1.14	1.07–1.21	1.19	1.12–1.26	1.13	1.06–1.20	1.15	1.09–1.22
West	0.89	0.79–1.01	1.001	0.897–1.117	0.92	0.82–1.03	0.95	0.85–1.07
Need Factor
Risk Adjustment Summary Score	1.34	1.33–1.35	1.19	1.18–1.20	1.31	1.29–1.32	1.32	1.31–1.33
Time Period 2 (Years 2016–2017)	0.80	0.77–0.83	0.86	0.82–0.89	0.80	0.77–0.83	0.78	0.75–0.81
Time Period 2 × Race/Ethnicity
Blacks	1.11	1.05–1.16	1.06	1.01–1.12	1.11	1.05–1.16	1.10	1.04–1.16
Hispanics	0.96	0.85–1.08	0.93	0.83–1.04	0.96	0.86–1.08	0.97	0.86–1.08
Asians/Pacific Islanders	1.04	0.97–1.13	1.03	0.95–1.12	1.05	0.98–1.14	1.04	0.96–1.12
Other	1.15	1.02–1.29	1.17	1.02–1.33	1.16	1.03–1.30	1.15	1.03–1.29

Reference groups: non-Hispanic Whites, female, non-metropolitan statistical area, non-Health Professional Shortage Area, Northeast Census Region, and period 1 (years 2013–2014).

Community-level characteristic.