Table 3.
Adjusted mean (SE) and frequency (%) of CARDIA participant characteristics and risk factors at Year30 stratified by intakes of walnuts, other nuts, and no nuts, n=3,023
| Y30 (2015-2016) Characteristicsa | Walnut consumers (n=352) |
Other nut consumers (n=2,494) |
No nut consumers (n=177) |
p-valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walnut vs Other *Nuts |
Walnut vs No nuts |
Other nut vs No nuts |
||||
| Age, years | 55.2 (0.03) | 55.2 (0.01) | 55.2 (0.05) | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.60 |
| Current smoker, % | 11.8 (1.5) | 10.9 (0.6) | 17.5 (2.4) | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.008 |
| Physical activity score | 383.4 (13.7) | 337.2 (5.4) | 321.1 (22.6) | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.49 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.0 (0.3) | 29.7 (0.12) | 29.5 (0.9) | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.74 |
| Weight gain, lb since baseline | 34.1 (1.9) | 38.7 (0.7) | 37.0 (3.1) | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.59 |
| Obesity, % | 36.9 (2.6) | 41.5 (1.0) | 45.0 (4.3) | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.42 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 92.4 (0.7) | 94.3 (0.3) | 94.4 (1.2) | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.96 |
| Waist change, cm since baseline | 16.8 (0.7) | 18.7(0.3) | 18.8 (1.2) | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.96 |
| Abdominal Obesity, % | 29.4 (2.6) | 37.2 (0.9) | 32.0 (3.7) | 0.004 | 0.48 | 0.25 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118.5 (0.9) | 120.4 (0.4) | 120.9 (1.4) | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.78 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 72.0 (0.6) | 74.1 (0.3) | 74.3 (0.9) | 0.002 | 0.07 | 0.91 |
| Hypertension, % | 9.6 (2.0) | 12.7 (0.8) | 13.4 (0.3) | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.84 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 191.4 (2.1) | 193.9 (0.8) | 191.3 (3.5) | 0.27 | 0.97 | 0.46 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 111.9 (1.9) | 114.4 (0.8) | 107.8 (3.2) | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.04 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 59.9 (1.1) | 58.7 (0.4) | 60.2 (1.5) | 0.30 | 0.98 | 0.15 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 92.2 (3.7) | 100.3 (1.5) | 102.4 (6.1) | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.73 |
| Elevated cholesterol (≥200 mg/dL),% | 47.7(2.9) | 50.3(1.1) | 47.4(4.6) | 0.40 | 0.97 | 0.55 |
| High cholesterol (≥240mg/dL), % | 12.0(2.1) | 13.9(0.8) | 16.1(3.3) | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.54 |
| Lipid medication use, % | 29.7(2.6) | 27.9(0.9) | 26.8(4.1) | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.78 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dLc | 94.4 (0.9) | 96.2 (0.4) | 99.0 (1.6) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| Insulin, μU/ml | 11.2 (0.60) | 12.2 (0.2) | 12.4 (0.9) | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.84 |
| Diabetes, % | 12.5 (2.0) | 13.7 (0.7) | 13.2 (3.0) | 0.56 | 0.85 | 0.87 |
BP = blood pressure; LDL = low density lipoprotein; SE = standard error.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, education, energy intake, physical activity, current smoking, drinking alcohol, HEI2015 without nuts, and each baseline risk factor, as appropriate.
b
Linear regression models were used. Statistical significance is represented as p-value ≤0.05.
c
Participants with diabetes were excluded, sample sizes are as follows for walnut consumers n=322; other nut consumers n=2195; no nut consumers n=153.