Table 2.
COVID-19 and MOGAD: Cases of para- and post-infectious disease development or exacerbation.
| References | Number of patients | Diagnosis | Gender | Age | Ethnicity | Clinical presentation | Method of COVID-19 diagnosis | CSF SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Time from diagnosis of COVID-19 to clinical onset | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhou et al. (44) | 1 | New onset | M | 26 | Hispanic | BON +TM | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | A few days | IVMP 1 gr X 5d followed by oral prednisone taper | Rapid improvement in vision, outcome of myelopathic symptoms not reported |
| Ide et al. (35) | 1 | New onset | F | 24 | NA | ON+ TM (diagnosed as ADEM d/t additional brain lesions) | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | 3 weeks | IVMP 1 gr X5 days followed by prednisolone taper | Visual symptoms Improved spontaneously; other symptoms improved after treatment |
| Khan et al. (36) | 1 | New onset | M | 11 | NA | BON | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | 4 days | IVMP + prednisone taper | Improved vision |
| Kogure et al. (37) | 1 | New onset | M | 47 | Asian | ON (clinically unilateral, but bilateral optic nerve enhancement on MRI) | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | Concomitant | IVMP 1 gr X 3 days + prednisone taper | Rapid improvement in pain and vision |
| Pinto et al. (40) | 1 | New onset | F | 44 | NA | CNS inflammatory vasculopathy | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative (repeated twice) | 7 days | IVMP 1 gr X5 days followed by oral prednisolone 60 mg/d, + PLEX | Rapid clinical improvement |
| Woodhall et al. (43) | 1 | Relapse | F | 39 | NA | ON | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | 6 days | IVMP 1 g/day for 5 days followed by five cycles of PLEX | Partial improvement |
| Sawalha et al. (41) | 1 | New onset | M | 44 | Hispanic | BON | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | One week | IVMP 1 g/day for 5 days followed by prednisone taper | Complete recovery in one eye, remarkable recovery but not complete in the other eye |
| Khair et al. (86) |
1 *Also describes one case of NMOSD and one CIS |
New onset *Concomitant NMDAR Abs |
F | 16 | NA | Headache, blurred vision, leg numbness, and weakness. | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | Concomitant | NA | NA |
| Lindan et al. (38) | 1 | New onset | M | 4 | NA | Seizures, facial palsy, and four limb dysfunction | SARS-CoV-2 serology | NA | NA | IVMP | Marked improvement |
| Peters et al. (39) | 1 | New onset | M | 23 | NA | Headaches and dysesthesia followed by seizures, inattention and cognitive slowing | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | Initial neurological symptoms developed concomitantly with positive COVID-testing; further symptoms developed over the next 4 weeks | IVMP 1 gr X5 days followed by oral steroid taper | Gradual clinical and radiological resolution |
| Vraka et al. (42) | 1 *Describes another case of encephalopathy with negative MOG-IgG |
New onset | F | 13 months | NA | ADEM | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | Concomitant | Steroids | Gradual improvement |
| Ahsan et al. (33) | 1 | New onset | F | 7 | NA | ADEM | SARS-CoV-2 serology | NA | Neurological symptoms preceded COVID-19 by a week | IVIG 2 g/kg over 3 days | Gradual improvement (almost returned to her baseline with mild dysarthria) |
| de Ruijter et al. (34) | 1 | New onset | M | 15 | Caucasian | BON | Clinical criteria | NA | A few weeks | IVMP 1 gr/d for 3 days | Improved (almost full recovery) |
| Durovic et al. (47) | 1 | New onset | M | 22 | NA | Encephalitis | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | 3 days | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days | Complete clinical and radiological resolution |
| Jumah et al. (46) | 1 | New onset *Concomitant HHV6 infection |
M | 61 | NA | LETM | SARS-CoV-2 PCR + serology | Negative | 1 week | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + prednisone taper + Gancyclovir, PLEX (7 sessions) | Marked improvement |
| Sinha et al. (45) | 1 | New onset | F | 11 | NA | BON | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | 3 days | IVMP 1 gr/d + IVIG 2gr/kg for 5 days + prednisone taper | Improved |
| Yang et al. (55) | 1 | New onset | M | 57 | NA | LETM | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | NA | 3 weeks | IVIG × 4 days, then five sessions of PLEX, then IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | NA |
| Assavapongpaiboon et al. (50) | 1 | New onset | F | 35 | Thai | BON | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Negative | 1 week | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | Improved |
| Dias da Costa et al. (52) | 1 | New onset | M | 31 | NA | LETM | SARS-CoV-2 serology | Negative | 21 days | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | Almost complete resolution of motor and sensory symptoms, mild urinary symptoms |
| Doukas et al. (53) | 1 | New onset | M | 40 | NA | TM | SARS-CoV-2 serology | NA | 12 days | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | Gradual improvement |
| Jossy et al. (54) | 1 | New onset | M | 38 | NA | ON | SARS-CoV-2 serology | NA | 6 weeks | IVMP 1 gr/d for 3 days + steroid taper | Complete resolution |
| Rojas-Correa et al. (49) | 1 | New onset | M | 69 | NA | BON | Clinical criteria | Negative | 45 days | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | Improved |
| Sardar et al. (48) | 1 | New onset | F | 38 | NA | BON *Diagnosed with concomitant idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
Clinical criteria | NA | 2 weeks | IVMP for 5 days, PLEX, IVIG for 5 days Acetazolamide |
Significant improvement |
| Žorić et al. (51) | 1 | New onset | M | 63 | NA | ON | SARS-CoV-2 serology | NA | 4 weeks | IVMP 1 gr/d for 5 days + steroid taper | Improved |
| Aubart et al. (87) | 3 *Also describes one case of NMOSD |
New onset | 2M, 1F | 1.5, 4, 10 | NA | ADEM | SARS-CoV-2 PCR or serology | NA | NA *Inclusion criteria required positive testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection performed <6 weeks before onset of neurological symptoms or seroconversion following the symptoms with a prior history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. |
2- IVMP, 1- not treated | Complete recovery |
| Cay-Martínez et al. (56) | 1 | New onset | F | 7 | NA | ADEM | SARS-CoV-2 serology | Negative | 1 week | IVMP + PLEX + IVIG + oral prednisone taper | Resolution of facial and upper extremity weakness, mild improvement in leg weakness |
ON, optic neuritis; BON, bilateral optic neuritis; TM, transverse myelitis; LETM, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; ADEM, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulins; PLEX, plasma exchange.