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. 2022 Sep 20;9:908639. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.908639

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Copyright © 2022 Kyi, Hendee, Hunyenyiwa, Matus, Mammoto and Mammoto.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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EC senescence increases in IPAH patient lung ECs. (A) List of top 35 BP GO term categories derived from significantly differentially expressed genes related to cellular senescence and SASP in control vs. IPAH patient lungs. (B) Graphs showing the mRNA levels of p16^INK4A (top) and p21 (bottom) in PAECs from IPAH patients or healthy individuals (n = 5, *p < 0.05). Error bars represent SEM. (C) Micrographs of PAECs from IPAH patients or healthy individuals showing SAβGal activity (left). Immunofluorescence (IF) micrographs of p16^INK4A expression and DAPI (2nd), p21 expression and DAPI (3rd), and the levels of phospho-gamma H2AX and DAPI (right). Scale bar, 20 μm. Graphs showing the number of SAβGal-positive cells and integrated fluorescent density of p16^INK4A, p21, and phospho-gamma H2AX (n = 6, *p < 0.05). Error bars represent SEM.