Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to HOMA-IR and HOMA-β.
| Variables | HOMA-IR <2, HOMA-β <100 | HOMA-IR <2, HOMA-β ≥100 | HOMA-IR ≥2, HOMA-β <100 | HOMA-IR ≥2, HOMA-β ≥100 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1856 | 288 | 961 | 2187 | |
| Age, year | 43.7 (42.6-44.7) | 34.9 (33.4-36.4) | 50.2 (48.7-51.6) | 42.2 (41.1-43.3) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 993 (53.5) | 86 (29.9) | 569 (59.2) | 1103 (50.4) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1000 (53.9) | 108 (37.5) | 420 (43.7) | 859 (39.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 351 (18.9) | 74 (25.7) | 165 (17.2) | 457 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Mexican American/others | 505 (27.2) | 106 (36.8) | 376 (39.1) | 871 (39.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 (24.3-24.7) | 25.9 (25.2-26.6) | 28.7 (28.3-29.1) | 30.6 (30.2-31.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 117.8 (117.0-118.7) | 113.0 (111.0-115.0) | 125.6 (124.3-126.9) | 121.2 (120.1-122.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.5 (67.7-69.4) | 65.9 (64.2-67.7) | 71.0 (69.8-72.2) | 71.0 (70.2-71.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 846 (45.6) | 76 (26.4) | 455 (47.3) | 861 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%)a | 37 (2.0) | 2 (0.7) | 55 (5.7) | 51 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 377 (20.3) | 37 (12.8) | 426 (44.3) | 630 (28.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 99 (5.3) | 4 (1.4) | 354 (36.8) | 170 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 195.4 (192.9-197.8) | 190.7 (185.6-195.9) | 199.2 (195.7-202.7) | 195.6 (193.2-197.9) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 61.6 (60.8-62.4) | 57.2 (55.1-59.3) | 51.0 (49.5-52.5) | 48.0 (47.4-48.6) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 94.1 (89.9-98.4) | 96.0 (88.7-103.4) | 152.3 (139.1-165.5) | 151.4 (144.6-158.1) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 90.9 (89.5-92.2) | 79.3 (78.2-80.4) | 122.1 (118.4-125.9) | 95.5 (94.8-96.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 (5.3-5.4) | 5.2 (5.1-5.2) | 6.1 (6.0-6.2) | 5.4 (5.4-5.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 97.7 (96.4-98.9) | 105.0 (102.4-107.6) | 93.4 (91.6-95.3) | 100.0 (98.5-101.5) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (1.2-1.2) | 1.6 (1.5-1.6) | 3.8 (3.5-4.0) | 5.0 (4.8-5.2) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 57.6 (56.4-58.9) | 156.6 (128.4-184.7) | 72.5 (70.8-74.1) | 189.9 (182.6-197.1) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean (95% CI) or n (%). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin. HDL, high-density lipoprotein. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. aeGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.