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. 2022 Sep 20;13:1013664. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013664

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Guo, Zhao, Zhang, Wang and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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EE combined with B. breve CCFM1025 treatment alleviates AD-induced cognitive and behavioral deficits. Total arm entries (A) and spontaneous alternation behavior (B) in Y-maze test (n = 6-8). (C) Escape latency of passive avoidance test (n = 6-8). The escape latency (D) and percent time in target quadrant (E) during the probe phase (day 6) of the Morris water maze. (F) Discrimination index in the novel object recognition task (n = 6-8). Black horizontal dashed lines in violin plots depict medians, the bottom and top lines represent, respectively, the 25th and 75th percentile. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM). Each data point represents one independent mouse. Control vs. Model: ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001, ^#### P < 0.0001 by unpaired student’s t-test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA.