TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population enrolled 2017–2020
|
All sites N = 302 |
Rochester, NY N = 187 |
New York City N = 115 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups, n (%) | ||||
| Median age, years (IQR) | 74 (67, 82) | 73 (67, 80) | 75 (67, 85) | 0.08 |
| 60–74 years | 162 (54) | 109 (58) | 53 (46) | 0.11 |
| 75–89 years | 113 (37) | 64 (34) | 49 (43) | |
| ≥90 years | 27 (9) | 14 (8) | 13 (11) | |
| Female sex, n (%) | 190 (63) | 10 (59) | 80 (70) | 0.07 |
| Race, a n (%) | ||||
| White | 178 (79) | 150 (81) | 28 (68) | 0.09 |
| Black or African‐American | 47 (21) | 35 (19) | 12 (29) | 0.13 |
| Asian | 1 (0) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0.18 |
| Ethnicity, b n (%) | ||||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 57 (23) | 10 (5) | 47 (72) | NA |
| Pre‐hospitalization living situation, c n (%) | ||||
| Living home independently | 122 (40) | 94 (50) | 28 (24) | 0.0001 |
| Community with assistance | 157 (52) | 80 (43) | 75 (65) | 0.0002 |
| Skilled nursing or rehabilitation | 24 (8) | 12 (7) | 12 (10) | 0.27 |
| Chronic comorbid conditions, n (%) | 296 (98) | 182 (97) | 114 (99) | 0.93 |
| No. of conditions, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 4) | 4 (3, 5) | 2 (2, 3) | 0.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary conditions | ||||
| Any | 175 (58) | 115 (61) | 60 (52) | 0.11 |
| Asthma | 81 (27) | 48 (26) | 33 (29) | 0.59 |
| COPD | 101 (33) | 75 (40) | 26 (23) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular conditions | ||||
| Any | 215 (71) | 152 (81) | 63 (55) | 0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 100 (33) | 59 (32) | 41 (36) | 0.53 |
| Coronary artery disease | 90 (30) | 64 (34) | 26 (23) | 0.04 |
| Other conditions | ||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 109 (36) | 77 (41) | 32 (28) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 149 (49) | 86 (46) | 63 (55) | 0.16 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 88 (29) | 53 (28) | 35 (30) | 0.70 |
| Chronic liver disease | 16 (5) | 15 (8) | 1 (1) | 0.007 |
| HIV positive | 5 (2) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1.0 |
| Cancer | 61 (20) | 50 (27) | 11 (10) | 0.0003 |
| Transplant recipient | 10 (3) | 5 (3) | 5 (4) | 0.51 |
| Dementia | 20 (7) | 3 (2) | 17 (15) | 0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 39 (13) | 23 (12) | 16 (14) | 0.73 |
| Clinical findings on admission | ||||
| Pneumonia on chest radiograph | 116 (38) | 55 (29) | 61 (53) | 0.0001 |
| Fever ≥100.4°F on admission | 63 (21) | 35 (19) | 28 (24) | 0.56 |
| HR > 100 beats per minute | 108 (36) | 59 (32) | 49 (43) | 0.06 |
| RR > 20 breaths per minute | 146 (48) | 108 (58) | 38 (33) | 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP < 100 mmHg | 24 (8) | 22 (12) | 2 (2) | 0.0008 |
| Oxygen saturation ≤92% | 104 (34) | 84 (45) | 20 (17) | 0.0001 |
| Clinical outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| ICU admission | 18 (6) | 12 (6) | 6 (5) | 0.81 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3 (1) | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.29 |
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (4, 8) | 0.92 |
| Death in hospital | 10 (3) | 7 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.75 |
| 6‐month mortality d | 38 (13) | 28 (16) | 10 (9) | 0.08 |
| Pre‐hospitalization functional status, median (IQR) e | ||||
| Barthel score | 90 (70, 100) | 95 (80, 100) | 70 (49, 95) | <0.0001 |
| Lawton–Brody score | 5 (2, 8) | 6 (4, 8) | 2 (1, 5) | <0.0001 |
| MRC Breathlessness score | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 4) | 4 (0, 5) | 0.09 |
| Mini‐Cognitive Assessment score | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (2, 5) | 3 (0, 3) | <0.0001 |
a
Data missing from two subjects in Rochester and 74 subjects in NYC.
b
Data missing from four subjects in Rochester and 50 subjects in NYC.
c
Data missing from one subject in Rochester.
d
Data missing from 15 subjects in Rochester.
e
Data missing from 31 subjects in NYC.