Table 10.
Functional neuroimaging.
| Reference | Population | Treatment | Diagnosis | Response criteria | Follow-up | Predictor | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mega et al. (2000) | 33 AD patients | Donepezil | Clinical (probable or possible AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | 4+ point reduction in total NPI-10 scale (frequency x severity); 4+ increase are non-responders, in-between unchanged behaviorally | 8 weeks | Hypoperfusion of orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hyperperfusion of left anterior medial frontal cortex | High |
| Hongo et al. (2008) | 41 AD patients | Donepezil 5 mg | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | Change in ADAS-Cog and MMSE | 24 weeks | Lower rCBF values in right orbito-frontal cortex | Low |
| Tanaka et al. (2004) | 70 AD patients | Donepezil 5 mg | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | 4+ points improvement in NPI (unchanged: 3—variation in NPI) | 12 weeks | Preserved rCBF in the premotor, parietal, and temporal cortices | Moderate |
| Hanyu et al. (2003) | 61 AD patients and 22 controls | Donepezil 5 mg | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | 4+ points increase in MMSE | 14–16 weeks | Reduction in rCBF in lateral and medial frontal lobe (including the anterior cingulate gyurs) is associated with poor response; reduction in rCBF in right parietotemporal lobe, occipital lobes, medial parietotemporal lobes is associated with good response | Moderate |
| Kanetaka et al. (2008) | 91 AD patients | Donepezil 5 mg | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | 4+ points increase in MMSE | Up to 18 weeks | More severe atrophy of substantia innominata and less prominent hypoperfusion in the frontal lobe; MRI × SPECT index (see findings) <1.54 | Moderate |
| Tepmongkol et al. (2019) | 25 AD patients (23 included) | Donepezil | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | No deterioration in CERAD J-module | 6 months | Hypoperfusion in right subcallosal and orbital gyrus at 4 h after donepezil administration | Moderate |
| Miettinen et al. (2015) | 18 AD patients | Rivastigmine (but could continue with different AChEI) | Clinical (probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) | Higher MMSE at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline | 12 months | Greater fMRI signal intensity in the right vs. the left fusiform gyrus on a visual face recognition task after 1 month of rivastigmine 1.5 mg ×2; increased fMRI activation by rivastigmine in areas normally activated by the visual face recognition task; fMRI activation spreading to areas not associated with the task performance is a predictor of poor response | Low |