Table 5.

Cognitive reserve.

Reference	Population	Treatment	Diagnosis	Response criteria	Follow-up	Predictor	Risk of bias
Boccardi et al. (2017)	628 AD patients	Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine	Not stated	MMSE stabilization or improvement at 3 months	3 years	Higher education (for response at 3 months)	Moderate
Chen et al. (2017)	63 AD patients	R	Clinical (NINCDS-ADRDA, not stated if probable or possible)	Improvement in either MMSE or CDR	6 months	Higher education	Moderate
Gallucci et al. (2016)	84 AD patients + 6 AD+CVD patients	Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine	Clinical (NINCDS-ADRDA and NINDS-AIREN, not stated if possible included)	Less than 2 points deterioration of MMSE per year	Up to 4 years	“White collar” (office workers, teachers, professionals), living with assistance, being married	High
Wattmo and Wallin (2017)	1,017 AD patients	Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine	Clinical (possible or probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA, and DSM-IV)	No deterioration in MMSE	3 years	Lower level of education	High
Wattmo et al. (2011)	843 AD patients	Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine	Clinical (possible or probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA, and DSM-IV)	Not clearly stated, changes in MMSE and ADAS-Cog	3 years	Lower level of education	High
Miranda et al. (2015)	129 AD and AD+CVD patients (97 completed the study)	Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine	Clinical (probable AD, NIAA, Ballinger et al., 2017; AD+CVD, NINDS-AIREN)	Improvement of 2+ points on MMSE	12 months	Lower education, lower income	Moderate