Table 1.
Genes involved in Cd uptake and transport in rice.
| Genes | Location | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| OsCAL1 | Cell wall | Chelation Cd efflux from the cytosol into extracellular spaces | Luo et al. (2018) |
| OsCAL2 | Cell wall | Regulate Cd accumulation | Luo et al. (2020) |
| OsABCC9 | Tonoplast | Sequestration of Cd in root vacuoles | Yang et al. (2021) |
| OsABCG43/PDR5 | Unknow | Conferring Cd tolerance in yeast | Oda et al. (2011) |
| OsHMA2/OsHMA2v | PM | Transport Cd and Zn from root to shoot | Takahashi et al. (2012), Tian et al. (2019) |
| OsHMA3 | Tonoplast | Sequestration of Cd in root vacuoles | Miyadate et al. (2011), Sasaki et al. (2014), Lu et al. (2019) |
| OsNRAMP1 | PM | Root uptake and transport of Cd and Mn | Takahashi et al. (2011), Chang et al. (2020) |
| OsNRAMP5 | PM | Uptake Mn, Cd and Fe, and transport of these ions from the root to the shoot | Ishikawa et al. (2012), Ishimaru et al. (2012) |
| OsLCT1 | PM | Regulate Cd transport into grain | Uraguchi et al. (2011), Tian et al. (2019) |
| OsLCT2 | PM | Limiting Cd xylem loading and restricting Cd translocation from roots to shoots | Tang et al. (2021) |
| OsZIP1 | PM and ER | Uptake Zn in normal condition, efflux of Zn, Cu and Cd when these metals are excess in environment | Ramesh et al. (2003), Ramegowda et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2019) |
| OsZIP3 | PM | Unloading Zn from xylem, Co-expression with OsLCT1-OsHMA2 could reduce the transport and accumulation of Cd to grains | Sasaki et al. (2015), Tian et al. (2019) |
| OsZIP5 | PM | Uptake Cd and Zn | Tan et al. (2020) |
| OsZIP7 | PM | Xylem loading of Cd and Zn, distribution of Cd and Zn to grains | Tan et al. (2019) |
| OsZIP9 | PM | Uptake Cd and Zn | Huang et al. (2020), Tan et al. (2020), Yang et al. (2020) |
| OsIRT1/2 | PM | Uptake Cd, Zn and Fe, translocation of Cd, Zn and Fe to shoot | Nakanishi et al. (2006), Ishimaru et al. (2007), Lee and An (2009) |
| OsCd1 | PM | Uptake Cd in root, distribution of Cd into grain | Yan et al. (2019) |
| OsCADT1 | Nucleus | Negative regulation of sulfate/selenate uptake and assimilation, increased Cd tolerance | Chen et al. (2020) |
| OsO3L2/3 | Nucleus | Reduced Cd accumulation | Wang et al. (2019) |
| OsPCR1 | PM | Distribution of Cd and Mn into grains | Song Y. et al. (2015) |
| LCD | Cytoplasm, nucleus | Transport and distribution of Cd into grain | Shimo et al. (2011) |
| OsMTP1/OZT1 | Tonoplast | Transport Cd and Zn | Lan et al. (2013), Yuan et al. (2012) |
| OsHsfA4a/OsHsfA4b/OsHSF9 | Unknow | Increased Cd tolerance | Shim et al. (2009) |
| OsPCS1 | Unknow | Distribution of Cd and As into grains | Das et al. (2017) |
| OsCLT1 | Envelope membrane of plastids | Efflux of γ-glutamylcysteine and glutathione from plastids to the cytoplasm, affects As and Cd detoxification | Yang et al. (2016) |
| OsHSP18.0-CI/OsMSR3/OsSHSP1 | Cytosol | Enhanced Cd tolerance | Ham et al. (2013), Cui et al. (2019) |
| OsCCX2 | PM | Efflux of Cd and loading Cd into xylem | Yadav et al. (2015), Hao et al. (2018) |