Table 3.
Estimated results of the impact of migration on parents' health in rural families.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRH | IADL | Physical activity ability | CES–D | SWB | ||||||
| OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | |
| Migration | 0.008 | 0.472** | 0.036*** | 0.645*** | 0.031 | 1.850*** | 0.052 | 0.424 | 0.011 | −0.071 |
| (0.014) | (0.215) | (0.014) | (0.233) | (0.022) | (0.408) | (0.099) | (1.885) | (0.011) | (0.173) | |
| Age | −0.005*** | −0.004** | −0.022*** | −0.022*** | −0.045*** | −0.044*** | 0.064*** | 0.063*** | 0.005*** | 0.005*** |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Sex | 0.150*** | 0.096*** | 0.169*** | 0.173*** | 0.718*** | 0.723*** | −2.171*** | −2.163*** | 0.060*** | 0.059*** |
| (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.022) | (0.024) | (0.102) | (0.103) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
| Education | 0.002 | 0.010*** | 0.020*** | 0.020*** | 0.046*** | 0.045*** | −0.169*** | −0.173*** | −0.006*** | −0.006*** |
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Married | −0.026 | −0.000 | 0.032 | 0.019 | 0.102*** | 0.066* | −1.590*** | −1.572*** | 0.101*** | 0.102*** |
| (0.019) | (0.025) | (0.022) | (0.023) | (0.034) | (0.038) | (0.174) | (0.178) | (0.016) | (0.017) | |
| Childhood health status | 0.000 | 0.066*** | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | −0.000 | 0.002* | 0.002* | −0.000 | −0.000 |
| (0.000) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
| Chronic diseases | −0.192*** | −0.184*** | −0.111*** | −0.108*** | −0.328*** | −0.320*** | 0.816*** | 0.817*** | −0.061*** | −0.061*** |
| (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.035) | (0.036) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
| Pension | −0.016 | −0.009 | 0.068*** | 0.054*** | 0.059** | 0.015 | −0.409*** | −0.418*** | 0.034*** | 0.037*** |
| (0.016) | (0.021) | (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.027) | (0.032) | (0.122) | (0.134) | (0.013) | (0.014) | |
| Social activities | −0.614*** | −0.631*** | 0.045*** | 0.045*** | ||||||
| (0.093) | (0.093) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |||||||
| Number of children | −0.011*** | −0.043*** | −0.018*** | −0.041*** | −0.038*** | −0.107*** | 0.232*** | 0.211*** | 0.007** | 0.011 |
| (0.004) | (0.014) | (0.005) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.018) | (0.043) | (0.080) | (0.003) | (0.007) | |
| Children's ages | −0.000 | 0.003** | 0.002* | 0.002 | 0.005*** | 0.005** | −0.021*** | −0.021*** | 0.002* | 0.001* |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Children's education levels | ||||||||||
| Elementary school | 0.023 | 0.073 | 0.315*** | 0.234*** | 0.241** | 0.013 | 0.408 | 0.403 | −0.110** | −0.105* |
| (0.054) | (0.083) | (0.083) | (0.088) | (0.103) | (0.122) | (0.616) | (0.660) | (0.051) | (0.055) | |
| Middle school | 0.046 | 0.078 | 0.379*** | 0.275*** | 0.402*** | 0.101 | −0.226 | −0.240 | −0.087* | −0.079 |
| (0.054) | (0.088) | (0.082) | (0.091) | (0.103) | (0.129) | (0.613) | (0.687) | (0.051) | (0.057) | |
| High school/vocational school | 0.110** | 0.129 | 0.408*** | 0.292*** | 0.541*** | 0.201 | −0.655 | −0.695 | −0.057 | −0.048 |
| (0.055) | (0.093) | (0.083) | (0.093) | (0.104) | (0.135) | (0.618) | (0.712) | (0.051) | (0.060) | |
| College | 0.147*** | 0.093 | 0.424*** | 0.245** | 0.559*** | 0.035 | −1.193* | −1.252 | −0.031 | −0.015 |
| (0.055) | (0.110) | (0.083) | (0.106) | (0.104) | (0.163) | (0.620) | (0.826) | (0.052) | (0.070) | |
| Postgraduate | 0.182** | 0.050 | 0.500*** | 0.299** | 0.682*** | 0.073 | −0.542 | −0.601 | −0.000 | 0.016 |
| (0.077) | (0.138) | (0.089) | (0.118) | (0.132) | (0.197) | (0.761) | (0.949) | (0.066) | (0.086) | |
| Household income | 0.009*** | 0.008*** | 0.009*** | 0.007*** | 0.023*** | 0.019*** | −0.100*** | −0.100*** | 0.010*** | 0.010*** |
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.001) | (0.002) | |
| Residence | −0.010 | 0.095 | −0.096*** | 0.072 | −0.063*** | 0.437*** | 0.114 | 0.230 | 0.019* | −0.006 |
| (0.013) | (0.067) | (0.013) | (0.065) | (0.022) | (0.115) | (0.104) | (0.531) | (0.010) | (0.049) | |
| Enterprises | 0.002** | 0.004*** | 0.001 | 0.002** | 0.002 | 0.005*** | −0.018** | −0.017** | 0.002*** | 0.002** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Activity venues | 0.013*** | 0.016*** | 0.020*** | 0.022*** | 0.021*** | 0.027*** | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.031) | (0.033) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
| Elderly assistance organizations |
−0.027 | −0.055** | 0.008 | 0.020 | 0.027 | 0.057* | −0.242* | −0.247* | −0.008 | −0.014 |
| (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.029) | (0.033) | (0.136) | (0.141) | (0.013) | (0.014) | |
| Toilet type | −0.013 | 0.050* | 0.076*** | 0.108*** | 0.198*** | 0.284*** | −0.488*** | −0.491*** | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| (0.019) | (0.028) | (0.019) | (0.022) | (0.032) | (0.039) | (0.155) | (0.171) | (0.015) | (0.017) | |
| Year dummy | ||||||||||
| 2015 | 0.074*** | 0.074*** | 0.021 | 0.038** | 0.080*** | 0.126*** | −0.114 | −0.114 | 0.318*** | 0.317*** |
| (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.024) | (0.029) | (0.087) | (0.098) | (0.011) | (0.012) | |
| 2018 | 0.265*** | −0.130*** | −0.316*** | −0.323*** | −0.889*** | 3.536*** | 3.431*** | 0.082*** | 0.105* | |
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.074) | (0.026) | (0.130) | (0.125) | (0.591) | (0.012) | (0.055) | ||
| Province dummy | Controlled | |||||||||
| Constant | 2.733*** | 2.021*** | 5.290*** | 5.108*** | 6.829*** | 6.279*** | 19.639*** | 19.514*** | 2.496*** | 2.533*** |
| (0.082) | (0.149) | (0.104) | (0.130) | (0.146) | (0.203) | (0.791) | (0.996) | (0.072) | (0.091) | |
| Observations | 28,330 | 27,942 | 28,926 | 28,533 | 28,916 | 28,523 | 28,912 | 28,519 | 28,908 | 28,516 |
| F value of endogenous test | 25.765*** | 7.206*** | 24.454*** | 0.043 | 0.216 | |||||
| χ2 value of overidentification test | 1.407 | 0.108 | 0.753 | 3.604* | 0.856 | |||||
| F–value of weak instrumental variable test | 52.103*** | 52.932*** | 53.118*** | 53.586*** | 53.531*** | |||||
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05, and
*
p < 0.1. Robust standard errors are in parentheses; each model controlled for the dummy variables of 24 provinces; illiteracy was used as the reference group for children's education levels.