Table 2. Hospital Management and Outcomes.
| Category | Total cohort (N = 1163) | No early steroids (n = 979 [84.2%]) | Steroids group (n = 184 [15.8%]) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical variables, No. (%) | ||||
| Respiratory supporta | ||||
| Any respiratory support | 658 (56.5) | 516 (52.7) | 142 (77.2) | <.001 |
| Face mask oxygenation | 63 (5.4) | 40 (4.1) | 23 (12.5) | <.001 |
| Nasal cannula | 268 (23.0) | 177 (18.1) | 91 (49.5) | <.001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 135 (11.6) | 70 (7.2) | 65 (35.3) | <.001 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 88 (7.5) | 49 (5.0) | 39 (21.2) | <.001 |
| Invasive ventilation | 83 (7.1) | 59 (6.0) | 24 (13.0) | .001 |
| Nitric oxideb | 7 (0.6) | 4 (0.4) | 3 (1.6) | .08 |
| Other organ supporta | ||||
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 52 (4.5) | 34 (3.5) | 18 (9.8) | <.001 |
| CKRT/HD | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | .40 |
| ECLS | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) | 3 (1.6) | .05 |
| Antiviral, immunomodulator, and other medicationsc | ||||
| Remdesivird | 100 (8.6) | 37 (3.8) | 63 (34.2) | <.001 |
| Azithromycin | 73 (6.3) | 48 (4.9) | 25 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 22 (1.9) | 15 (1.5) | 7 (3.8) | .06 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 59 (5.1) | 29 (2.9) | 30 (16.3) | <.001 |
| Aspirin | 23 (1.9) | 13 (1.3) | 10 (5.4) | .001 |
| Convalescent plasma | 6 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (2.2) | .007 |
| IVIG | 13 (1.1) | 8 (0.8) | 5 (2.7) | .04 |
| Biologicals | 8 (0.6) | 4 (0.4) | 4 (2.2) | .02 |
| Vitamin C | 47 (4.0) | 32 (3.3) | 15 (8.2) | .006 |
| Vitamin D | 67 (5.7) | 46 (4.7) | 21 (11.4) | <.001 |
| Zinc | 43 (3.6) | 26 (2.6) | 17 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Continuous variables, median (IQR) [No.] | ||||
| Respiratory support duration, de | ||||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 2.5 (1.0-4.2) [120] | 2.7 (0.9-4.7) [62] | 2.2 (1.0-3.6) [58] | .49 |
| Noninvasive ventilator | 2.4 (1.0-7.0) [73] | 2.2 (0.7-6.9) [42] | 2.9 (1.2-7.2) [31] | .38 |
| Invasive ventilator | 3.8 (1.5-10.3) [78] | 3.5 (1.2-11.0) [55] | 4.9 (1.8-9.7) [23] | .54 |
| Length of stay, df | ||||
| Hospital | 3 (1.7-6) [1163] | 3 (1.6-5.5) [979] | 4.4 (2-7.9) [184] | <.001 |
| Intensive care unit | 3.3 (1.5-7.4) [416] | 3 (1.2-7.1) [305] | 3.8 (2-8.7) [111] | .04 |
Abbreviations: CKRT/HD, continuous kidney replacement therapy/hemodialysis; ECLS, extracorporeal life support; ICU, intensive care unit; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin.
Respiratory and other organ support represent support provided at any time during the hospitalization.
Or epoprostenol.
Medications given on any of day 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, or 21 of hospitalization. Organ support and therapeutics not mutually exclusive.
Remdesivir is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration only for use in patients 12 years and older.
Missing durations of high-flow nasal cannula use for 15 of 135 patients (11%), noninvasive ventilator use for 15 of 88 patients (17%), and invasive ventilator use for 5 of 83 patients (6%).
Hospital and ICU length of stay of deceased patients represented as 99th percentile of total cohort (48.2 days and 53.9 days, respectively). Data are missing for ICU length of stay for 5 of 421 patients (1.2%).