Table. Select Characteristics of the Cohort for Individuals Exposed to Antidepressants During Late Pregnancy and Individuals Unexposed to Antidepressants Throughout Pregnancy by Data Source.
| Characteristic | MAX | MarketScan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | Standard difference, % | No. (%) | Standard difference, % | |||||
| Exposed (n = 93 069) | Unexposed (n = 1 833 927) | Crude | Weighted | Exposed (n = 52 633) | Unexposed (n = 1 198 818) | Crude | Weighted | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 26.2 (5.7) | 24.3 (5.8) | 32.7 | 4.2 | 32.7 (4.6) | 31.9 (4.6) | 17.7 | 0.5 |
| Race and ethnicitya,b | ||||||||
| Asian or Other Pacific Islander | 883 (0.9) | 73 042 (4.0) | −19.7 | 2.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Black or African American | 13 642 (14.7) | 645 600 (35.2) | −48.9 | 3.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hispanic or Latino | 5067 (5.4) | 279 317 (15.2) | −32.6 | 3.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| White | 67 389 (72.4) | 680 748 (37.1) | 75.8 | −5.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Unknown or other | 6088 (6.5) | 155 220 (8.5) | −7.3 | 1.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Indications | ||||||||
| Depression | 43 721 (47.0) | 82 232 (4.5) | 111.2 | 5.6 | 18 305 (34.8) | 34 328 (2.7) | 90.4 | 0.6 |
| Anxiety | 24 222 (26.0) | 55 849 (3.0) | 69.0 | −0.3 | 12 349 (23.5) | 27 316 (2.3) | 66.7 | −3.0 |
| Bipolar disorder | 11 771 (12.6) | 25 178 (1.4) | 45.3 | −2.1 | 2119 (4.0) | 2756 (0.2) | 26.5 | −1.0 |
| Schizophrenia | 1218 (1.3) | 2726 (0.1) | 13.7 | −0.7 | 51 (0.1) | 93 (<0.1) | 3.9 | 0.3 |
| Psychosis | 1305 (1.4) | 4061 (0.2) | 13.2 | −0.1 | 145 (0.3) | 476 (<0.1) | 6.0 | −0.3 |
| Other mental health disordersc | 3585 (3.9) | 16 483 (0.9) | 19.5 | 0.5 | 1087 (2.1) | 6402 (0.5) | 13.6 | −1.0 |
| Epilepsy/convulsion | 2597 (2.8) | 17 701 (1.0) | 13.5 | −1.1 | 446 (0.8) | 4936 (0.4) | 5.5 | −0.3 |
| ADHD | 2934 (3.2) | 10 889 (0.6) | 19.0 | −1.1 | 1019 (1.9) | 4351 (0.4) | 14.8 | −0.6 |
| Adjustment disorder | 1697 (1.8) | 13 412 (0.7) | 9.7 | −0.7 | 581 (1.1) | 3449 (0.3) | 9.8 | −0.7 |
| Psychiatric visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 79 476 (85.4) | 1 789 696 (97.6) | −44.8 | −0.8 | 42 389 (80.5) | 1 167 770 (97.4) | −55.9 | 1.9 |
| 1 | 3579 (3.8) | 16 535 (0.9) | 19.4 | −0.2 | 1791 (3.4) | 5769 (0.5) | 21.3 | −1.0 |
| 2-3 | 3662 (3.9) | 11 254 (0.6) | 22.4 | 0.2 | 2492 (4.7) | 7052 (0.6) | 26.0 | −0.3 |
| ≥4 | 6352 (6.8) | 16 442 (0.9) | 31.1 | 1.1 | 5961 (11.3) | 18 227 (1.5) | 40.8 | −1.6 |
| Mental health diagnoses | ||||||||
| 0 | 41 625 (44.7) | 1 625 054 (88.6) | −105.2 | 2.4 | 29 921 (56.8) | 1 137 078 (94.8) | −99.1 | 2.7 |
| 1 | 18 301 (19.7) | 126 831 (6.9) | 38.2 | −4.5 | 9763 (18.5) | 37 534 (3.1) | 51.2 | −5.9 |
| 2-3 | 20 981 (22.5) | 65 301 (3.6) | 58.7 | −1.7 | 9940 (18.9) | 21 930 (1.8) | 58.3 | 0.3 |
| ≥4 | 12 162 (13.1) | 16 741 (0.9) | 49.1 | 4.0 | 3009 (5.7) | 2276 (0.2) | 33.1 | 4.0 |
| Mental health ER visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 85 412 (91.8) | 1 803 275 (98.3) | −30.6 | −1.0 | 51 070 (97.0) | 1 194 008 (99.6) | −20.1 | −0.6 |
| 1 | 5224 (5.6) | 25 482 (1.4) | 23.1 | −0.2 | 1099 (2.1) | 4134 (0.3) | 16.0 | −0.2 |
| 2-3 | 2084 (2.2) | 4819 (0.3) | 17.9 | 1.4 | 360 (0.7) | 592 (<0.1) | 10.5 | 1.2 |
| ≥4 | 349 (0.4) | 351 (<0.1) | 8.0 | 1.8 | 104 (0.2) | 84 (<0.1) | 6.0 | 0.9 |
| Mental health hospitalizations | ||||||||
| 0 | 87 502 (94.0) | 1 816 957 (99.1) | −28.0 | −1.8 | 51 786 (98.4) | 1 197 533 (99.9) | −16.3 | −1.4 |
| 1 | 2562 (2.8) | 11 636 (0.6) | 16.5 | 0.6 | 410 (0.8) | 787 (0.1) | 11.0 | 0.5 |
| 2-3 | 1976 (2.1) | 4248 (0.2) | 17.6 | 1.5 | 319 (0.6) | 418 (<0.1) | 10.1 | 1.3 |
| ≥4 | 1029 (1.1) | 1086 (0.1) | 13.8 | 1.2 | 118 (0.2) | 80 (<0.1) | 6.4 | 0.8 |
| Other psychiatric medications | ||||||||
| 0 | 71 611 (76.9) | 1 790 601 (97.6) | −65.4 | −2.0 | 45 778 (87.0) | 1 179 946 (98.4) | −45.1 | −1.6 |
| 1 | 7183 (7.7) | 21 778 (1.2) | 32.1 | −1.1 | 2773 (5.3) | 9403 (0.8) | 26.4 | −0.2 |
| 2-3 | 10 354 (11.1) | 17 799 (1.0) | 43.6 | 1.5 | 3383 (6.4) | 8688 (0.7) | 31.1 | 1.3 |
| ≥4 | 3921 (4.2) | 3749 (0.2) | 27.5 | 3.4 | 699 (1.3) | 781 (0.1) | 15.2 | 2.3 |
| Lifestyle behaviors | ||||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 3363 (3.6) | 13 921 (0.8) | 19.6 | 0.9 | 304 (0.6) | 806 (0.1) | 9.0 | 0.7 |
| Tobacco use | 17 583 (18.9) | 137 823 (7.5) | 34.1 | −2.4 | 1497 (2.8) | 12 022 (1.0) | 13.4 | −1.5 |
| Substance abuse | 10 385 (11.2) | 52 472 (2.9) | 32.9 | −0.3 | 524 (1.0) | 1728 (0.1) | 11.3 | 0.1 |
| Obstetric Comorbidity Index scored | ||||||||
| 0 | 38 972 (41.9) | 1 027 424 (56.0) | −28.6 | 0.7 | 17 755 (33.7) | 526 672 (43.9) | −21.0 | 1.9 |
| 1 | 21 941 (23.6) | 411 137 (22.4) | 2.8 | 0 | 14 585 (27.7) | 316 929 (26.4) | 2.9 | −0.5 |
| 2 | 15 169 (16.3) | 209 624 (11.4) | 14.1 | −0.5 | 9614 (18.3) | 186 353 (15.5) | 7.3 | −0.4 |
| ≥3 | 16 987 (18.3) | 185 742 (10.1) | 23.4 | −0.4 | 10 679 (20.3) | 168 864 (14.1) | 16.5 | −1.3 |
| Other prescription medications | ||||||||
| Anticonvulsants | 10 448 (11.2) | 26 298 (1.4) | 41.1 | 0.5 | 2878 (5.5) | 9325 (0.8) | 27.2 | 0.9 |
| Antipsychotics | 10 287 (11.1) | 10 544 (0.6) | 45.9 | 2.1 | 1471 (2.8) | 956 (0.1) | 23.0 | 3.5 |
| Anxiolytics | 3834 (4.1) | 4654 (0.3) | 26.7 | 1.0 | 1225 (2.3) | 1618 (0.1) | 20.0 | 0.6 |
| Benzodiazepines | 19 269 (20.7) | 33 710 (1.8) | 62.5 | 2.4 | 9220 (17.5) | 33 382 (2.8) | 50.3 | −0.1 |
| Psychostimulants | 3650 (3.9) | 9315 (0.5) | 23.4 | 0.1 | 1660 (3.2) | 6951 (0.6) | 19.1 | −0.8 |
| Opioids | 52 341 (56.2) | 532 059 (29.0) | 57.3 | −4.1 | 16 932 (32.2) | 199 561 (16.6) | 36.7 | −3.9 |
| Corticosteroids | 27 599 (29.7) | 323 243 (17.6) | 28.6 | −0.6 | 15 971 (30.3) | 229 744 (19.2) | 26.1 | −2.5 |
| Antidiabetics | 3262 (3.5) | 31 978 (1.7) | 11.0 | −0.3 | 3191 (6.1) | 45 342 (3.8) | 10.6 | −1.2 |
| Antihypertensives | 11 952 (12.8) | 94 612 (5.2) | 27.1 | −0.4 | 6302 (12.0) | 66 183 (5.5) | 23.0 | −2.0 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ER, emergency room; MarketScan, MarketScan Commercial Claims Database; MAX, Medicaid Analytic eXtract; NA, not applicable.
a
Race and ethnicity were determined on the basis of information submitted to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services by individual states, which was based on information that had been collected and coded from Medicaid applications. The category Other or unknown included individuals who were American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino, more than 1 race, and unknown; the category Hispanic or Latino included those with missing race information, whereas data under Other or unknown included Hispanic or Latino with 1 or more races.
b
Information not available in MarketScan.
c
Other mental health disorders include delirium, dementia, tic disorder, somatoform spectrum disorder, eating disorder, psychotherapy, and self-inflicted injury.
d
A comorbidity index as defined by Bateman et al.17