Table 4.

Summary of methods used in investigating the effects of movement in an indoor environment

Authors	Research area	Methods:	Findings
Wong et al. (2019b)	Operating room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mrsh ~ Remeshing methods (Tetrahedral cells) Airflow model ~ RNG k-ε Algorithm ~ PISO	The bent-forearm and upright turnings of the manikin could increase the airflow velocity in the surgical zone by 35% and 23%, respectively
Hang et al. (2014)	Isolation room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh ~ Not mention Airflow model ~ RNG k-ɛ Algorithm ~ SIMPLE	The human walking produced the flow disturbance and enhanced the airborne transmission from the source. The flow quantities including pressure, velocity, and turbulence near and behind human body are all easily influenced by the motion
Tao et al. (2016)	Controlled room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh ~ Layering mesh method (Prism cells) Dimensional wall distance, y+ $<$ 5 Airflow model ~ RNG k-ɛ Algorithm ~ SIMPLE	Airflow momentum induced by the moving body disturbed the 2.5 µm particle that was initially at rest on the floor to lift and become re-suspended due to its interaction with the trailing wake
Wang and Chow (2015)	Isolation room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh ~ Layering mesh method (Hexahedral cells) Airflow model ~ Standard k-ɛ Algorithm ~ SIMPLEC	The movement speed and posture significantly influenced the suspended droplets concentration in a room
Chang et al. (2016)	Control room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh ~ Remeshing methods (Tetrahedral cells) Airflow model ~ RNG k-ɛ Algorithm ~ COUPLED	The leakage flow rate was always found to be positive. However, the leakage flow rate peaked at the beginning and end of the rotating period, and the flow rate was generally low during the direction-changing period
Mousavi and Grosskopf (2016)	Isolation room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh ~ Layering and remeshing methods (Tetrahedral cells) Airflow model ~ Realisable k-ɛ	Higher door-opening speeds create turbulence and increase the rate of volume exchange under both negative and neutral pressure room conditions. Unidirectional airflow was disrupted during door opening motion
Shih et al. (2007)	Isolation room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh Airflow model ~ k-ɛ Algorithm ~ SIMPLEC	The opening and closing of a sliding door affected the room internal pressure and velocity distributions. These movements have also induced the air from the anteroom flow into the isolation room
Kamar et al. (2020)	Operating room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh Airflow model ~ RNG k-ɛ Algorithm ~ PISO	Replacing the turning bent-forearm medical staff with the stationary bent-forearm medical staff reduced the number of particles that settled on a patient by 60.9%, while substituting the turning straight-forearm medical staff with the stationary straight-forearm medical staff lowered the particle settlement by 37.5%
Wong et al. (2022)	Operating room	Numerical simulation (CFD): Dynamic mesh Airflow model ~ RNG k-ɛ Algorithm ~ PISO	The increment of ceiling-mounted air supply diffuser’s area from 4.3 m3 to 5.7 m2 and 15.9 m2 could reduce the particle settlement by 41% and 39%, respectively
Villafruela et al. (2016)	Operating room	Experimental (Onsite measurement of air velocity and air volume): Mechanical movement ~ Door opening and closing	An operating room which initially had an overpressure of 20 Pa is not capable of preventing the penetration of adjacent air during the opening of the sliding door
Kalliomäki et al. (2016)	Isolation room	Experimental (Smoke visualisation): Mechanical movement ~ Human manikin was fixed to a small cart moving along a rail running on the floor	Sliding door performed better than single hinged door under different ventilation setup. The air volume exchange across the doorway is relatively smaller when using the sliding door
Kalliomäki et al. (2015)	Isolation room	Experimental (Smoke visualisation and tracer gas measurements): Mechanical movement ~ Human manikin was fixed to a small cart moving along a rail running on the floor	Based on smoke visualisation method, both sliding and hinged doors produced a detectable airflow through the doorway during the opening. The airflow changes; however, are more obvious for hinged door opening Based on the tracer gas measurement method, the air exchange volume was found to be significantly lower for the sliding door than for the hinged door
Wu and Lin (2015)	Waiting room	Experimental (Onsite measurement of velocity, temperature, and CO2 concentration): Mechanical movement ~ Real human moving	The influence of human walking under the displacement ventilation is larger than the stratum and mixing ventilation. Stratum ventilation can keep relatively high ventilation efficiency when human movement is taken place
Teter et al. (2017)	Operating room	Experimental (Onsite measurement of particle count): Mechanical movement ~ Door opening and closing	The door opening increased the airborne particle counts of all sizes by 13%. Particles that larger than 0.5 µm in diameter elevated significantly when the door was opened
Wu et al. (2021)	Control room	Experimental (Onsite measurement of particle count): Human manikin was fixed to a wheelchair and a cart to move along a rail running on the floor	Manikin movement enhance the fuller mixing of indoor air and particles, as well as increase the particle suspension time
Bhattacharya et al. (2021)	Control room	Experimental (Onsite measurement of anemometer and particle count): Human manikin was fixed to move on a walking track	Walking on a straight line creates significant impacts in the velocity normal to the walking path, and vertical to the plane of walking movement, where the changes were detectable till 1.0 m away from the walking track