Table 3.
All-cause and cardiovascular mortality hazard ratios (HRs) in different subgroupsa
| Variable | All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age | ||||||
| < 65 | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 2.61 | 1.81–3.77 | < 0.001 | 1.26 | 0.41–3.90 | 0.681 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.35 | 0.94–1.94 | 0.100 | 1.13 | 0.42–3.02 | 0.810 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 5.77 | 3.21–10.37 | < 0.001 | 7.10 | 1.38–36.64 | 0.019 |
| ≥ 65 | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 1.86 | 1.39–2.49 | < 0.001 | 1.94 | 0.88–4.27 | 0.098 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.12 | 0.87–1.44 | 0.389 | 1.17 | 0.63–2.17 | 0.619 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 2.97 | 1.81–4.88 | < 0.001 | 2.56 | 0.90–7.31 | 0.078 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 1.65 | 1.24–2.19 | < 0.001 | 1.48 | 0.62–3.53 | 0.380 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.25 | 0.98–1.58 | 0.072 | 1.14 | 0.65–2.00 | 0.655 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 2.78 | 1.92–4.02 | < 0.001 | 3.35 | 0.87–12.95 | 0.080 |
| Female | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 1.58 | 1.06–2.36 | 0.025 | 2.50 | 1.17–5.34 | 0.018 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.53 | 1.05–2.24 | 0.028 | 1.61 | 0.70–3.71 | 0.262 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 2.55 | 1.11–5.85 | 0.027 | 4.53 | 0.51–40.21 | 0.175 |
| Obesity | ||||||
| Non-obese | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 1.80 | 1.38–2.33 | < 0.001 | 1.64 | 0.70–3.86 | 0.254 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.35 | 1.06–1.72 | 0.017 | 1.21 | 0.65–2.25 | 0.549 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 3.50 | 2.61–4.70 | < 0.001 | 4.03 | 1.44–11.29 | 0.008 |
| Obese | ||||||
| (Normal nutrition without sarcopenia as reference) | ||||||
| Sarcopenia with normal nutrition | 1.33 | 0.89–1.98 | 0.166 | 1.28 | 0.46–3.50 | 0.632 |
| Malnutrition without sarcopenia | 1.08 | 0.67–1.73 | 0.747 | 0.96 | 0.30–3.11 | 0.944 |
| Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome | 1.71 | 0.74–3.91 | 0.207 | 2.67 | 0.35–20.05 | 0.341 |
Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking status, alcohol use, BMI, CHF, CHD, DM, hypertension, Cancer
aNutrition status was defined by the controlling nutritional status score