Table 1.
Emerging strategies of enhanced PDT for bladder cancer
| Photosensitizers | Biological model | Strategy | Result | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALA | Subcutaneous 253 J B-V in nude mice | Combination with DFX to increase PpIX accumulation | Enhancing ALA-PDT-induced cell apoptosis | [38] |
| HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs | Orthotopic MB-49 in C57BL/6 mice | Catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 to generate oxygen; serving as a good contrast reagent for MRI | Improved therapeutic efficacy and prolonged lifetime of mice compared to controls | [39] |
| HSA-Ce6/NTZ/FCS NPs | Orthotopic fLuc-T24 in nude mice | Intravesical instillation; reduced tumoral oxygen consumption; enhanced transmucosal ability | Dramatically enhanced orthotopic bladder tumors ablation | [40] |
| PorGal8 | Subcutaneous UM-UC-3luc+ in nude mice | Targeting galectin-1 | PDT-mediated tumor shrinkage and downregulation of E-cadherin | [41] |
| ChlGal8 | Subcutaneous HT-1376 in nude mice | Targeting galectin-1; better photochemical and photophysical properties | Improved efficacy after repeated PDT in resistant cells | [42] |
| PLZ4-nanoporphyrin | Orthotopic and subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Targeting αVβ3 integrin; combination with PTT and chemotherapy | Orthotopic PDX bladder tumors elimination after intravesical light irradiation | [43] |
| Gd-PEG-R3 | Subcutaneous T24 in nude mice | Targeting αVβ3 integrin; “off–on” responsive theranostic agents | Selective bladder tumor suppression; enhanced in vivo MRI signal upon binding | [44] |
| Porphyrin-DNA NPs | Subcutaneous 5637 in nude mice | Hydrophobicity-dependent DNA and PSs release | Light-dependent tumor suppression | [45] |
| TNP/DOX/ZnPC | 5637 in nude mice | Combination with DOX-based chemotherapy | Higher tumor suppression compared to PDT alone or chemotherapy alone | [46] |
| BITT@BSA-DSP NPs | Subcutaneous MB49 in C57BL/6 mice | Combination with PTT, chemotherapy and AIEgens-based NIRFI; reduction-responsive drug delivery | Efficient visualization of tumor regions and significant tumor suppression | [47] |
| Ppa-hydrazone-DOX NPs | Subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Combination with PTT and chemotherapy to overcome drug resistance; pH-responsive drug delivery | Eradication of DOX- and GDC-resistance tumors | [48] |
| Poly (OEGMA)-PTX prodrug@Ce6 | Subcutaneous PDX in nude mice | Combination with PCI and chemotherapy; enzyme-responsive drug delivery | Complete tumor eradication after two-stage irradiation | [49] |
| 17-AAG-loaded nanoporphyrin | Subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Combination with NIRFI, PTT and HSP90-targeted therapy | Superior anti-cancer efficacy with downregulation of HIF-1α, Akt, Erk and Src, and upregulation of HSP70 | [50] |
| Panitumumab-IR700 conjugates | Subcutaneous UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-3 in nude mice | EGFR-targeted NIR-PIT | EGFR surface expression-dependent tumor suppression by cell necrosis | [51] |
| Erlotinib-PS | Subcutaneous UM-UC-3 and T24 in SCID mice | EGFR-targeted PIT; combination with PET imaging for fluorescence-guided PDT | Long-term cure for EGFR-positive tumors; PET imaging ability | [52] |
| Pan-IR700 + tra-IR700 | Subcutaneous SW780 in nude mice | Combination of EGFR- and HER2-targeted NIR-PIT | Strongest tumor suppression compared to either agent alone | [53] |
| Anti-CD47-IR700 | Subcutaneous GFP-luciferase transfected 639 V in NSG mice | CD47-targeted NIR-PIT | Prominent tumor suppression and prolonged survival by 5 rounds of treatment | [54] |
ALA 5-Aminolevulinic acid; DFX Deferoxamine; PpIX Protoporphyrin IX; NP Nanoparticle; PS photosensitizer; HSA Human serum albumin; Ce6 Chlorin e6; MRI Magnetic resonance imaging; NTZ Nitazoxanide; FCS Fluorinated chitosan; PDX Patient-derived xenograft; NSG NOD scid gamma; PTT Photothermal therapy; PEG Polyethylene glycol; TNP Thermal-responsive nanoparticle; DOX Doxorubicin; ZnPC Zinc phthalocyanine; BSA Bovine serum albumin; AIEgens Aggregation-induced emission luminogens; NIRFI Near-infrared fluorescence imaging; Ppa Pheophorbide a; GDC GDC-0941; PTX Paclitaxel; PCI Photochemical internalization; 17-AAG 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin; HSP Heat shock protein; HIF-1α Hypoxia-induced factor 1α; Akt protein kinase B; Erk Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IR700 IRDye700Dx; EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor; NIR Near-infrared; PIT Photoimmunotherapy; SCID Severe combined immunodeficient; PET Positron emission tomography; pan Panitumumab; tra Trastuzumab