Fig. 3.

Activation of necroptosis by cGAS–STING signalling. Initiation of necroptosis by cGAS–STING signalling. Activation of the cGAS–STING pathway by mitochondrial DNA results in the production of IFN and TNF. The binding of IFN to IFNAR1 and TNF to TNFR1 results in RIPK1–RIPK3 activation when caspase-8 is inhibited. RIPK1–RIPK3 activate MLKL to execute necroptosis. Moreover, IFN upregulates RIPK3 and MLKL expression