Table 3.
List of Abbreviations
| ACC | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ADSCs | adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
| Akt | protein kinase B |
| AMPK | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| BCAA | branched-chain amino acid |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BMP | bone morphogenetic protein |
| CBS | cystathionine beta-synthase |
| CCR5 | C-C chemokine receptor type 5 |
| CD | cluster of differentiation |
| cHSC | circulating hematopoietic stem cells |
| COP | circulating osteogenic progenitor |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| COX-2 | cycloxygenase-2 |
| CpG | 5′-C-phosp-G-3″ |
| CR | caloric restriction |
| CRH | corticotropin-releasing hormone |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| Cu/ZnSOD | copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CXCL | chemokine C-X-C motif ligand |
| Cxcl1/Kc | chemokine C-X-C motif ligand/keratinocytes-derived chemokine |
| DHEA | dehydroepiandrosterone |
| DHEAS | dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate |
| DKO | double knockout |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DNAm | DNA methylation |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| ERK | extracellular-signal-regulated kinase |
| ERR | estrogen-related receptor |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| FI | Frailty Index |
| FoxO | forkhead box protein O |
| G6PDH | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| GDF | growth differentiation factor |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GHRH | growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| GLUT4 | glucose transporter type 4 |
| GSK3β | glycogen synthase kinase 3β |
| H3K27me3 | tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 protein |
| HMG-CoA | β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A |
| HP | hypothalamic-pituitary |
| HPA | hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
| HP1a | heterochromatin protein 1a |
| HHcy | hyperhomocysteinemia |
| ICFSR | International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research |
| IFN-γ | interferon-gamma |
| IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
| IGF1R | IGF-1 receptor |
| IL | interleukin |
| JAK | Janus kinase |
| LKB1 | liver kinase B1 |
| LMNA | lamin A/C |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| MetS | metabolic syndrome |
| miRNA | microRNA |
| MnSOD | manganese superoxide dismutase |
| MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
| mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
| MtTFA | mitochondrial transcription factor A |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| mTORC1 | mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
| MuRF1 | muscle RING-finger protein-1 |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
| NIA | National Institute on Aging |
| NK | natural killer |
| NMN | nicotinamide mononucleotide |
| NRF-1 | nuclear respiratory factor 1 |
| Nrf2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
| PFI | Physiological Frailty Index |
| PGC | peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator |
| PhenoAGE | phenotypic age |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide-3-kinase |
| PF&S | physical frailty and sarcopenia |
| PPAR | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| SASP | senescence-associated secretory phenotype |
| SIRT | NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| Sod1KO | SOD knockout |
| SS | somatostatin |
| SC | stem cell |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor-β |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
| TNFR1 | tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 |
| UPR | unfolded protein response |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| Wnt | wingless-related integration site |