TABLE 1.

Observations and estimations of maize yield and drivers of its change.

Region	Period	Drivers of yield changes and effect on yield	References
Czechia	2002–2019	Decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature decreased from 7.73 t/ha (2001–2010) to 7.67 (2011–2019) maize yield, even considering technological and management improvement in production	Maitah et al., 2021
Africa	1999–2007	Each additional degree day spend above 30°C, changed the final yield by −1% under optimal rainfed conditions, and by −1.7% under drought ones	Lobell et al., 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	1996–2015	Increase in precipitation increased maize yield, and increase in temperature decreased maize yield	Khan et al., 2019
The United States	1959–2004	Increase in evaporative demand induced by elevated temperatures decreased maize yield	Lobell et al., 2013
Europe	2050	Drought will change maize yield −20%	Webber et al., 2018
Turkey	2050	Drought and heat will change maize yield −10.1%	Dellal et al., 2011
Sub-Saharan Africa	2056–2065 and 2081–2090	Drought or heat, depending on space, will change maize yield from >+6 to <−33%	Waha et al., 2013
The United States	2050	Drought or heat, depending on the climate scenario, will change maize yield from −39 to −68% (relative to 2013–2017). And from −13 to +62% (relative to 2013–2017), incorporating to the model the estimated effects of climate-neutral technological advances	Yu et al., 2021
World	End-of-century	Climate change will change maize yield from +5 to −6% (SSP126) and from +1 to −24% (SSP585), excluding changing farming practices and maize adaptations	Jägermeyr et al., 2021