Fig. 3.

Research and translational priorities for islet transplantation. The short-term priorities for islet transplantations that can help current patients in need are placed from top to bottom. Devices and biomaterials are already either clinically approved for other applications or currently under clinical trials. As you move down, the proteins, growth factors, and other small molecules become more effective and specific; however, the cost and safety profiles of these options make them long-term possibilities. Towards the bottom, other cell types, particularly engineered cell types, become more powerful in their efficacy; however, many are still in pre-clinical translation.